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flu Antibody
The polyclonal flu antibody production involves a multi-step process. First, the recombinant Escherichia coli (strain K12) flu protein (amino acids 804-1039) is selected as the immunogen. This immunogen is administered to a rabbit through injections, repeated several times to elicit an immune response. Subsequently, the rabbit's B cells produce a significant amount of antibodies, primarily of the IgG isotype. These antibodies are then harvested from the rabbit serum and purified using protein G affinity chromatography. The flu antibody possesses the ability to react with the flu protein derived from Escherichia coli (strain K12). The purified flu antibody has been rigorously validated through ELISA and Western blot applications.
Escherichia coli flu protein (Ag43) is a phase-variable outer membrane protein playing a crucial role in the autoaggregation, flocculation, and colony morphology of E. coli K12 strains [1-4]. Ag43-mediated aggregation is macroscopically observable as cell flocculation in liquid suspensions [5]. Furthermore, Ag43 has been implicated in promoting the persistence of uropathogenic E. coli isolates within the urinary tract, underscoring its significance in bacterial virulence and pathogenesis [6]. Research has demonstrated that Ag43 facilitates specific bacterial uptake and survival within human neutrophils, highlighting its role in bacterial evasion of the host immune response [5].
References:
[1] Schembri, M., & Klemm, P. (2001). Coordinate gene regulation by fimbriae-induced signal transduction. The Embo Journal, 20(12), 3074-3081. https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/20.12.3074
[2] Klemm, P., Hjerrild, L., Gjermansen, M., & Schembri, M. (2003). Structure‐function analysis of the self‐recognizing antigen 43 autotransporter protein from escherichia coli. Molecular Microbiology, 51(1), 283-296. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03833.x
[3] Krisandi, G., & Prayogo, S. (2021). Analisis potensi nanopartikel seng oksida sebagai terapi alternatif terhadap uropathogenic escherichia coli penyebab infeksi saluran kemih. Jimki Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Kedokteran Indonesia, 9(1), 38-47. https://doi.org/10.53366/jimki.v9i1.278
[4] Henderson, I., Meehan, M., & Owen, P. (1997). Antigen 43, a phase-variable bipartite outer membrane protein, determines colony morphology and autoaggregation in escherichia coli k-12. Fems Microbiology Letters, 149(1), 115-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10317.x
[5] Fexby, S., Bjarnsholt, T., Jensen, P., Roos, V., Høiby, N., Givskovet al. (2007). Biological trojan horse: antigen 43 provides specific bacterial uptake and survival in human neutrophils. Infection and Immunity, 75(1), 30-34. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.01117-06
[6] Lüthje, P., & Brauner, A. (2010). Ag43 promotes persistence of uropathogenic escherichia coli isolates in the urinary tract. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 48(6), 2316-2317. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00611-10
Introduction
Polyclonal antibodies are a diverse group of antibodies produced by different B cell clones in the body. They recognize and bind to multiple epitopes on a single antigen. Unlike monoclonal antibodies, which are derived from a single B cell clone and recognize a single epitope, polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous and can target various sites on an antigen. They are classified based on their source (e.g., rabbit, goat, mouse) and the type of antigen they target (e.g., proteins, peptides, small molecules).
Key Biological Properties: Polyclonal antibodies are characterized by their ability to recognize multiple epitopes, which enhances their binding strength and specificity. They are typically produced in response to an antigenic stimulus and can be found in the serum of immunized animals.
Expression Patterns: Polyclonal antibodies are produced by B cells in response to antigen exposure. The expression patterns depend on the immunization protocol and the animal species used.
Tissue Distribution: These antibodies are primarily found in the blood serum but can also be present in other body fluids and tissues, depending on the immune response and the distribution of the antigen.
Primary Biological Functions: Polyclonal antibodies play a crucial role in the immune system by recognizing and neutralizing pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. They facilitate the clearance of antigens through various immune mechanisms, including opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Role in Immune Responses: Polyclonal antibodies are essential for the adaptive immune response. They provide a broad and robust defense against pathogens by targeting multiple epitopes, which reduces the likelihood of immune evasion by the pathogen.
Pathogen Recognition: These antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Polyclonal antibodies interact with various immune cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells, to mediate immune responses. They can also bind to Fc receptors on immune cells, enhancing phagocytosis and cytotoxicity.
Binding Partners: The primary binding partners of polyclonal antibodies are antigens, which can be proteins, peptides, or other molecules. They can also interact with complement proteins and Fc receptors.
Downstream Signaling Cascades: Upon binding to their target antigens, polyclonal antibodies can trigger downstream signaling cascades that lead to the activation of immune responses. This includes the activation of the complement system, which enhances opsonization and lysis of pathogens.
Expression and Activity Control: The production and activity of polyclonal antibodies are regulated by various factors, including the nature of the antigen, the immunization protocol, and the host’s immune system.
Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of polyclonal antibodies is controlled at the transcriptional level by cytokines and other signaling molecules that influence B cell activation and differentiation.
Post-Translational Modifications: Polyclonal antibodies can undergo post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, which can affect their stability, binding affinity, and effector functions.
Biomedical Research: Polyclonal antibodies are widely used in research for detecting and quantifying proteins, studying protein-protein interactions, and investigating cellular pathways.
Diagnostic Tools: They are used in various diagnostic assays, such as ELISA, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, to detect the presence of specific antigens in samples.
Therapeutic Strategies: Polyclonal antibodies are used in therapeutic applications, such as antivenoms, immunoglobulin replacement therapy, and passive immunization against infectious diseases.
Development: Polyclonal antibodies are produced throughout an individual’s life in response to antigen exposure. They play a critical role in the development of the immune system by providing protection against pathogens.
Aging: As individuals age, the production and diversity of polyclonal antibodies may decline, leading to a reduced ability to respond to new antigens and an increased susceptibility to infections.
Disease: Polyclonal antibodies are involved in various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, where they may target self-antigens, and infectious diseases, where they provide protection against pathogens.
