Recombinant Human Pleiotrophin protein (PTN)
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Description
Production and Purification
Recombinant PTN is synthesized using multiple expression platforms:
Receptor Binding Profile
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Primary receptors:
Key Signaling Pathways
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Neurite Outgrowth: Binds chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) to promote neural development .
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Tumor Angiogenesis: Inactivates RPTPβ/ζ phosphatase activity → ↑β-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation → PI3K/AKT activation .
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Oligodendrocyte Differentiation: Silences PTPRZ phosphatase in precursor cells via GAG interactions .
Table 2: Functional EC50 Values
| Activity | Concentration Range | Model System |
|---|---|---|
| Neurite Extension | 3-8 μg/mL | E10 Chick Cortical Neurons |
| Endothelial Migration | 10-50 nM | HUVEC Cells |
| NIH-3T3 Transformation | 20 nM | Soft Agar Assay |
Research Applications
Cancer Studies
Neuroscience
Bone Development
Clinical Relevance
Therapeutic Targets
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Oncology: Overexpressed in gliomas (78%), breast cancer (62%), and NSCLC (54%)
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Neuroprotection: Reduces ischemic damage at 2 mg/kg (rodent models)
Diagnostic Potential
Stability and Handling
Product Specs
Buffer
0.2 m filtered PBS, pH 7.4, lyophilized
Form
Liquid or Lyophilized powder
Lead Time
5-10 business days
Shelf Life
The shelf life is influenced by various factors, including storage conditions, buffer composition, storage temperature, and the inherent stability of the protein. Generally, liquid forms exhibit a shelf life of 6 months at -20°C/-80°C, while lyophilized forms maintain their stability for 12 months at -20°C/-80°C.
Storage Condition
Store at -20°C/-80°C upon receipt. Aliquoting is recommended for multiple uses. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Tag Info
Tag-Free
Synonyms
HARP; HB-GAM; HBBM; HBGAM; HBGF-8; HBGF8; HBNF; HBNF-1; HBNF1; heparin affin regulatory protein; Heparin binding growth associated molecule; Heparin binding growth factor 8; Heparin binding neurite outgrowth promoting factor 1; Heparin-binding brain mitogen; Heparin-binding growth factor 8; Heparin-binding growth-associated molecule; heparin-binding neurite outgrowth promoting factor; Heparin-binding neurite outgrowth-promoting factor 1; NEGF1; Neurite growth promoting factor 1; Neurite outgrowth-promoting factor; heparin-binding; OSF-1; OSF1; Osteoblast-specific factor 1; pleiotrophin (heparin binding growth factor 8; neurite growth-promoting factor 1); Pleiotrophin; PTN; PTN_HUMAN
Datasheet & Coa
Please contact us to get it.
Expression Region
33-168aa
Mol. Weight
15.3 kDa
Protein Length
Full Length of Mature Protein
Purity
>96% as determined by SDSPAGE.
Research Area
Immunology
Source
E.Coli
Species
Homo sapiens (Human)
Target Names
PTN
Uniprot No.
Target Background
Function
Pleiotrophin is a secreted growth factor that exerts its signaling through cell-surface proteoglycan and non-proteoglycan receptors. It binds to cell-surface proteoglycan receptors via their chondroitin sulfate (CS) groups, thereby regulating a wide range of cellular processes including proliferation, survival, growth, differentiation, and migration in various tissues, notably neurons and bone. It also plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity and learning-related behavior by inhibiting long-term synaptic potentiation.
Pleiotrophin binds to PTPRZ1, neutralizing the negative charges of the CS chains of PTPRZ1, inducing PTPRZ1 clustering, and consequently leading to dimerization and inactivation of its phosphatase activity. This inactivation results in increased tyrosine phosphorylation of PTPRZ1 substrates, including ALK, CTNNB1, or AFAP1L2, ultimately activating the PI3K-AKT pathway. Through PTPRZ1 binding, Pleiotrophin controls oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation by enhancing AFAP1L2 phosphorylation, thereby activating the PI3K-AKT pathway.
Pleiotrophin forms a complex with PTPRZ1 and integrin alpha-V/beta-3 (ITGAV:ITGB3), stimulating endothelial cell migration through SRC dephosphorylation and activation, which subsequently leads to ITGB3 'Tyr-773' phosphorylation. In the adult hippocampus, Pleiotrophin promotes dendritic arborization, spine development, and functional integration and connectivity of newborn granule neurons through ALK by activating the AKT signaling pathway. It binds to GPC2 and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) on the neuron surface, abrogating the binding between PTPRS and CSPGs and promoting neurite outgrowth. Pleiotrophin also binds to SDC3, mediating bone formation by recruiting and attaching osteoblasts/osteoblast precursors to the sites of new bone deposition.
Pleiotrophin binds to ALK and promotes cell survival and proliferation through MAPK pathway activation. It inhibits proliferation and enhances differentiation of neural stem cells by suppressing FGF2-induced fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway. Pleiotrophin mediates regulatory mechanisms in normal hemostasis and hematopoietic regeneration, maintaining the balance of myeloid and lymphoid regeneration. Additionally, Pleiotrophin may play a role in the female reproductive system, auditory response, and the progesterone-induced decidualization pathway.
Pleiotrophin binds to PTPRZ1, neutralizing the negative charges of the CS chains of PTPRZ1, inducing PTPRZ1 clustering, and consequently leading to dimerization and inactivation of its phosphatase activity. This inactivation results in increased tyrosine phosphorylation of PTPRZ1 substrates, including ALK, CTNNB1, or AFAP1L2, ultimately activating the PI3K-AKT pathway. Through PTPRZ1 binding, Pleiotrophin controls oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation by enhancing AFAP1L2 phosphorylation, thereby activating the PI3K-AKT pathway.
Pleiotrophin forms a complex with PTPRZ1 and integrin alpha-V/beta-3 (ITGAV:ITGB3), stimulating endothelial cell migration through SRC dephosphorylation and activation, which subsequently leads to ITGB3 'Tyr-773' phosphorylation. In the adult hippocampus, Pleiotrophin promotes dendritic arborization, spine development, and functional integration and connectivity of newborn granule neurons through ALK by activating the AKT signaling pathway. It binds to GPC2 and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) on the neuron surface, abrogating the binding between PTPRS and CSPGs and promoting neurite outgrowth. Pleiotrophin also binds to SDC3, mediating bone formation by recruiting and attaching osteoblasts/osteoblast precursors to the sites of new bone deposition.
Pleiotrophin binds to ALK and promotes cell survival and proliferation through MAPK pathway activation. It inhibits proliferation and enhances differentiation of neural stem cells by suppressing FGF2-induced fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway. Pleiotrophin mediates regulatory mechanisms in normal hemostasis and hematopoietic regeneration, maintaining the balance of myeloid and lymphoid regeneration. Additionally, Pleiotrophin may play a role in the female reproductive system, auditory response, and the progesterone-induced decidualization pathway.
Gene References Into Functions
- Molecular crosstalk between tumor-associated macrophages and glioma stem cells through PTN-PTPRZ1 paracrine signaling supports glioblastoma malignant growth. PMID: 28569747
- Expression of Mac-1 on the surface of human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells induced their adhesion and migration to PTN. Consequently, PTN promoted Mac-1-dependent cell spreading and initiated intracellular signaling manifested in phosphorylation of Erk1/2. PMID: 28939773
- This study revealed that increased serum pleiotrophin levels are associated with better developed coronary collateral circulation in patients with chronic total occlusion in at least one major coronary artery. PMID: 28885394
- Pleiotrophin, a target of miR-384, promotes proliferation, metastasis, and lipogenesis in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. PMID: 28557334
- Elevated plasma midkine and pleiotrophin levels in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients suggest their involvement in this disease. PMID: 27903979
- High PTN and N-syndecan expression was closely associated with metastasis and poor prognosis, suggesting their potential role in promoting tumor progression and perineural invasion in the orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. PMID: 28638231
- PTN expression in glioma cells is associated with chromosome 7 gain. PTN enhances PDGFB-induced gliomagenesis by stimulating proliferation of neural progenitor cells. PMID: 27806344
- An early extracellular space disruption of PTN composition induces short- and long-term defaults in the establishment of proper functional cerebellar circuit. PMID: 26399645
- NK cells promote fetal development through the secretion of growth-promoting factors, pleiotrophin and osteoglycin. PMID: 29262349
- PTN knockdown attenuated the progression of experimental PVR in vivo. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of PVR. PMID: 28083679
- Annealing helicase HARP closes RPA-stabilized DNA bubbles non-processively. PMID: 28334870
- Neural precursor cell (NPC):glioma cell communication underpins the propensity of glioma to colonize the lateral ventricle subventricular zone (SVZ) through secretion of chemoattractant signals toward which glioma cells home; analyses of SVZ NPC-secreted factors revealed the neurite outgrowth-promoting factor pleiotrophin, with required SPARC/SPARCL1 and HSP90B as mediators of this chemoattractant effect. PMID: 28823557
- These data indicate that PTN-PTPRZ-A signaling controls the timing of oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation in vivo, in which the CS moiety of PTPRZ receptors maintains them in a monomeric active state until its ligand binding. PMID: 27445335
- PTN could be considered as a potential biomarker for the presence of breast cancer. PMID: 28041942
- This study shows that the expression of PTN is significantly downregulated in keloid fibroblasts compared to normal human fibroblasts. PMID: 27465069
- Findings link pleiotrophin abundance in gliomas with survival in humans and mice, and show that pleiotrophin promotes glioma progression through increased VEGF deposition and vascular abnormalization. PMID: 26645582
- PTN levels in amniotic fluid were found to be lower in pregnancies complicated by chorioamnionitis than in healthy pregnancies. PMID: 27089523
- Increased Pleiotrophin Concentrations in Papillary Thyroid Cancer. PMID: 26914549
- Data show that binding of pleiotrophin (PTN) to neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) stimulated the internalization and recycling of NRP-1 at the cell surface. PMID: 26408254
- PTN and its signaling components may be of significance in the pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer. PMID: 25418856
- High serum pleiotrophin levels are associated with non-small cell lung cancer. PMID: 25743809
- PTN expression in glioma was higher than in paratumor tissues. Overexpression was associated with the WHO grade, low Karnofsky score, time to recurrence, and poor survival. Co-expression of midkine and PTN had a worse prognosis than either alone. PMID: 25001988
- PTN was found to express abnormally high in lung cancer, especially small cell lung cancer tissue. PMID: 25864755
- PTN antagonizes the cell-cycle-stimulating activity associated with Brd2, thus enhancing induced neuronal differentiation. PMID: 24695857
- Over expression of PTN is significantly correlated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients. PMID: 25436328
- Suppression of PTN activity with an anti-PTN antibody promoted apoptosis of cells. PMID: 24698102
- Pleiotrophin is transactivated directly by SOX2, a transcription factor essential for the maintenance of both neural stem cells and glioblastoma stem cells. PMID: 23686309
- Ligand independent activation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) results when the cytokine pleiotrophin (PTN) interacts with its receptor, the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta-zeta (RPTPbeta-zeta). Review) PMID: 23777859
- PTN is able to induce ex vivo angiogenesis during aging. PMID: 23481101
- Elevated expression of PTN is likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertrophic scar (HS). PMID: 23054143
- NDC80, NUF2 and PTN were significantly aberrantly overexpressed in serous adenocarcinomas. PMID: 23056589
- Soluble rhMDK, rmMDK and rhPTN were expressed at a high-level and the protein was purified by a one-step purification using heparin affinity chromatography. Activity of purified rhMDK and rhPTN was confirmed by a cell proliferation assay. PMID: 22871361
- Pleiotrophin (PTN) was significantly overexpressed across all macrodactyly samples. The mitogenic functions of PTN correlate closely with the clinical characteristics of macrodactyly. PMID: 22848377
- Data suggest a physiological role for HARP in modulating (i.e., antagonizing) endogenous anticoagulant activity of heparin-like material in the vasculature. PMID: 22672269
- Our data suggest that PTN is implicated in human prostate cancer growth in vivo. PMID: 22783964
- This study shows that PTN expression is upregulated in a mouse model of peritoneal fibrosis and is present in human peritoneal tissues and in peritoneal dialysate effluent. PMID: 21881556
- In postmenopausal women, the PTN gene promoter polymorphism -1227C>T and CT haplotype could contribute to the genetic background of osteoporosis. PMID: 21353611
- In the prostate, pleiotrophin (Ptn) functions as a regulator of both mesenchymal and epithelial proliferation, and androgens regulate Ptn levels. PMID: 20812209
- Results demonstrate that P(122-131) inhibits biological activities that are related to the induction of a transformed phenotype in PCa cells, by interacting with RPTPbeta-zeta and interfering with other pleiotrophin receptors. PMID: 20738847
- The role of PTN and its involvement in tumor growth and angiogenesis, is summarized. PMID: 20167557
- Molecular mechanism of the interactions between the oligosaccharides and pleiotrophin. PMID: 20584902
- Overexpression of pleiotrophin is associated with glioblastoma. PMID: 20013808
- Midkine and pleiotrophin have bactericidal properties: preserved antibacterial activity in a family of heparin-binding growth factors during evolution. PMID: 20308059
- The data suggest that PTN expression in the human plaques may be in part regulated by IFN-gamma and that PTN is involved in the adaptive immunity. PMID: 19917672
- Using in vitro infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells or using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from AIDS patients, the authors showed that PTN was sufficient to induce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. PMID: 20032204
- Combination of SDF-1, PTN, IGF2, and EFNB1 mimics the DA phenotype-inducing property of SDIA and was sufficient to promote differentiation of hESC to functional midbrain DA neurons. PMID: 19672298
- Pleiotrophin signaling through anaplastic lymphoma kinase is rate-limiting for glioblastoma growth. PMID: 11809760
- Overexpression of Pleiotrophin is associated with inflammation and pancreatic cancer. PMID: 11895915
- PTN induces weak chemotactic and strong haptotactic migration of glioblastoma and cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. PMID: 14692702
Database Links
Protein Families
Pleiotrophin family
Subcellular Location
Secreted.
Tissue Specificity
Osteoblast and brain.
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