RHOQ Human

Ras Homolog Gene Family Member Q Human Recombinant
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Description

Overview of RHOQ Human

RHOQ Human (rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoQ), encoded by the RHOQ gene on chromosome 2, is a small GTPase belonging to the Ras superfamily. It functions as a molecular switch, cycling between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states to regulate cellular signaling pathways. Key roles include actin cytoskeleton reorganization, cell polarization, and membrane trafficking (e.g., CFTR to the plasma membrane) .

Actin Cytoskeleton Organization

RHOQ induces the formation of filopodia (actin-rich protrusions) by activating effector proteins such as WASL and TRIP10. This activity is critical for cell migration and invasion .

Membrane Trafficking

RHOQ regulates the exocytosis of proteins like the solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4 (GLUT4) and CFTR. Its role in sarcomere assembly further underscores its importance in muscle cell function .

Epithelial Cell Polarization

RHOQ modulates apical-basal polarity in epithelial cells through interactions with PARD6B and EXOC7, ensuring proper cellular organization and barrier function .

Key Interactions and Partners

RHOQ interacts with multiple effector proteins to mediate downstream signaling:

Interaction PartnerFunctionSource
EXOC7Exocyst complex component; membrane trafficking
GOPCGolgi-associated PDZ and coiled-coil domain protein; membrane targeting
WASLActin nucleation; filopodia formation
CDC42EP2/3Cdc42 effector proteins; cytoskeletal dynamics

Clinical Relevance: RNA Editing in Colorectal Cancer (CRC)

A-to-I RNA editing in RHOQ transcripts (N136S substitution) promotes CRC invasion by:

  1. Enhancing Actin Reorganization: Edited RHOQ alters cytoskeletal dynamics, increasing filopodia formation and cell motility .

  2. Synergy with KRAS Mutations: Co-occurrence of edited RHOQ and mutant KRAS (G12D) amplifies invasive potential in CRC cell lines (e.g., HCT116, LOVO) .

  3. Clinical Outcomes:

    • Prevalence: RNA editing detected in 40% of CRC tumors vs. 10% in normal tissue .

    • Recurrence Risk: Edited RHOQ correlates with higher recurrence rates, particularly when combined with KRAS mutations (P = 0.005) .

Cell Line Studies

Cell LineExperimental DesignOutcomeSource
HCT116Transfection with edited RHOQ2.3–5.1-fold increase in invasion potential
SW403siRNA-mediated RHOQ knockdown79% reduction in invasion
SNU C5Co-transfection with KRAS (G12D)Synergistic enhancement of invasion

Mechanistic Insights

  • RNA Editing: A-to-I editing at codon 136 (N136S) stabilizes RHOQ in its active state, promoting persistent signaling .

  • Therapeutic Target: Targeting edited RHOQ or its effectors may offer novel strategies for aggressive CRC subtypes .

Product Specs

Introduction
RHOQ, or rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoQ, is a small signaling G protein. It cycles between an active GTP-bound state and an inactive GDP-bound state. When active, it binds to various effector proteins, thereby regulating cellular responses. This Ras-like protein belongs to the Rac subfamily within the Rho family of GTPases. RHOQ participates in epithelial cell polarization processes and plays a role in transporting CFTR to the plasma membrane. Additionally, RHOQ induces the formation of filopodia, which are thin, actin-rich surface projections.
Description
Recombinant human RHOQ, expressed in E. coli, is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain. It comprises 225 amino acids (1-202 a.a) and has a molecular weight of 24.7 kDa. The protein includes a 23 amino acid His-tag fused at the N-terminus. Purification is achieved using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Physical Appearance
A sterile, colorless solution.
Formulation
The RHOQ protein solution (0.5 mg/ml) contains 20mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0), 10% glycerol, and 1mM DTT.
Stability
For optimal storage, keep the vial at 4°C if using within 2-4 weeks. For extended periods, store frozen at -20°C. Adding a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA) is recommended for long-term storage. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Purity
Purity is determined to be greater than 85% by SDS-PAGE analysis.
Synonyms
ARHQ, RASL7A, TC10, TC10A, Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoQ, Ras-like protein TC10, Ras-like protein family member 7A, RHOQ.
Source
E.coli.
Amino Acid Sequence
MGSSHHHHHH SSGLVPRGSH MGSMAHGPGA LMLKCVVVGD GAVGKTCLLM SYANDAFPEE YVPTVFDHYA VSVTVGGKQY LLGLYDTAGQ EDYDRLRPLS YPMTDVFLIC FSVVNPASFQ NVKEEWVPEL KEYAPNVPFL LIGTQIDLRD DPKTLARLND MKEKPICVEQ GQKLAKEIGA CCYVECSALT QKGLKTVFDE AIIAILTPKK HTVKKRIGSR CINCC.

Q&A

How should researchers determine appropriate sample sizes for RHOQ human research?

Sample size determination for RHOQ human studies requires balancing statistical power with practical constraints. Begin with a power analysis using preliminary data or literature-based effect size estimates. For quantitative studies examining RHOQ expression or activity, consider:

Study TypeMinimum Recommended Sample SizeStatistical PowerEffect Size Consideration
Observational100+ participants0.8+Small to medium (0.2-0.5)
Interventional30+ per group0.9+Medium (0.5-0.8)
Multi-center50+ per center0.85+Variable by endpoint

When studying rare RHOQ-related conditions, smaller samples may be necessary but should be compensated with more robust methodological controls .

What are the key methodological considerations when studying RHOQ in human tissues?

When studying RHOQ in human tissues, methodological rigor is essential for reliable results. Document your full data collection process, including tissue acquisition protocols, storage conditions, and processing methods . For quantitative measurements of RHOQ expression, detail the specific techniques (RT-PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry) and analytical protocols employed. When analyzing existing datasets, clearly describe the source of the material, how the data was originally produced, and your criteria for selecting the material (e.g., tissue type, patient demographics, disease state) . These methodological details are critical for result replication and validation by other researchers.

How can researchers effectively design studies to investigate contradictions in RHOQ human data?

When investigating contradictions in RHOQ human data, implement a structured framework for contradiction detection and resolution. Begin by categorizing the types of conflicts present: context-memory conflicts (where new data contradicts established knowledge about RHOQ) or context-context conflicts (where different data sources present contradictory information about RHOQ function) . Design your study to include systematic contradiction validation through multiple methodological approaches. For example, if protein expression data conflicts with transcriptomic findings, verify both using alternative techniques and under varied experimental conditions. Consider employing mixed methods research combining quantitative measurements with qualitative observations to better understand the nature of the contradictions .

What approaches are recommended for developing human-aware AI systems to accelerate RHOQ research discoveries?

Developing human-aware AI systems for RHOQ research acceleration requires sophisticated modeling of both the biological system and researcher behavior. Build models that can predict likely human inferences about RHOQ function based on existing literature patterns, as well as models that can identify unexplored "alien" hypotheses about RHOQ that might not occur to human researchers . Implement random walks across research literature starting with RHOQ-related properties, then jumping to papers with the same property or by the same author. This approach has demonstrated a 400% improvement in prediction of future discoveries beyond models focused solely on research content . Design your AI system as a "digital double" of the RHOQ research ecosystem, simulating likely research trajectories while also identifying potential systemic limitations in current approaches. This human-aware AI framework helps transform artificial intelligence into radically augmented intelligence for RHOQ research .

How should researchers address methodological biases when studying RHOQ in diverse human populations?

When studying RHOQ across diverse human populations, implement robust strategies to mitigate methodological biases. First, carefully document your sampling methods, detailing inclusion/exclusion criteria and how participants were recruited for each population group . Control for confounding variables that might correlate with population differences, such as socioeconomic factors, environmental exposures, or comorbidities. Consider using the following bias mitigation framework:

Bias TypeMitigation StrategyImplementation in RHOQ Research
Sampling BiasStratified random samplingEnsure proportional representation across genetic backgrounds
Survivorship BiasProspective cohort designMonitor RHOQ expression changes longitudinally
Measurement BiasBlinded assessmentAnonymize samples during RHOQ quantification
Analytical BiasPreregistered analysis plansDocument statistical approaches before data collection

Additionally, employ mixed methods approaches combining quantitative RHOQ measurements with qualitative contextual data to better understand population-specific factors .

What are the key experimental design considerations when manipulating RHOQ expression in human cell models?

When manipulating RHOQ expression in human cell models, several critical experimental design considerations must be addressed. Begin by selecting appropriate cell lines that naturally express RHOQ at levels relevant to your research question. Design your manipulation strategy with appropriate controls:

  • For overexpression studies: Include empty vector controls and wild-type RHOQ alongside any mutant constructs

  • For knockdown studies: Implement multiple siRNA/shRNA constructs targeting different RHOQ regions alongside non-targeting controls

  • For CRISPR-based modifications: Include multiple guide RNAs with validation of on-target effects and assessment of potential off-target modifications

Time-course experiments are essential, as RHOQ's role in signaling cascades may show temporal dynamics. When measuring phenotypic outcomes, employ multiple complementary assays rather than relying on a single readout. Finally, validate key findings across at least two independent cell models to ensure the observed effects are not cell-line specific .

How should researchers design experiments to investigate RHOQ's role in human disease contexts?

When investigating RHOQ's role in human disease contexts, implement a multi-layered experimental design approach. Start with clear definition of your variables - the independent variable might be disease state or RHOQ expression level, while dependent variables could include cellular phenotypes, signaling pathway activation, or patient outcomes . Formulate specific, testable hypotheses about RHOQ's mechanistic contributions to the disease. For patient-derived samples, carefully match cases and controls for confounding factors like age, sex, and comorbidities.

For intervention studies, consider both between-subjects designs (comparing different patients) and within-subjects designs (comparing different tissues from the same patient) . When possible, incorporate longitudinal measurements to capture disease progression effects on RHOQ function. Document all procedures in sufficient detail to allow replication, including specific antibodies, primers, or reagents used for RHOQ detection and manipulation. Finally, plan your analytical approach before data collection, specifying statistical tests and thresholds for significance to avoid post-hoc rationalization of findings .

What methodological approaches are recommended for studying RHOQ interactions with other proteins in human systems?

For studying RHOQ interactions with other proteins in human systems, implement a comprehensive methodological strategy combining multiple complementary techniques. Begin with computational prediction of potential interaction partners based on structural analysis and pathway mapping. Then validate predicted interactions using the following experimental approaches:

TechniqueApplication in RHOQ ResearchAdvantagesLimitations
Co-immunoprecipitationPhysical interaction validationDetects endogenous interactionsMay miss transient interactions
Proximity ligation assaySpatial co-localization in situVisualizes interactions in cellular contextRequires highly specific antibodies
FRET/BRETDynamic interaction monitoringCaptures real-time interaction changesRequires protein tagging
Mass spectrometryUnbiased interactome mappingDiscovers novel interaction partnersMay identify indirect interactions

For each technique, include appropriate controls (e.g., non-interacting protein pairs, antibody specificity validations) and perform replicate experiments in different cellular contexts . Quantitative analysis of interaction strength under various conditions provides insight into the regulatory mechanisms governing RHOQ's protein interaction network.

What analytical approaches are recommended for resolving contradictions in RHOQ functional data?

When facing contradictions in RHOQ functional data, implement a structured analytical framework for resolution. Begin by categorizing the nature of the contradictions - whether they arise from context-memory conflicts (where new findings contradict established knowledge) or context-context conflicts (where different data sources present contradictory information) . Employ a mixed-methods analytical approach that combines quantitative statistical assessment with qualitative evaluation of methodological differences between contradicting studies.

Create a systematic contradiction resolution workflow:

  • Identify specific points of contradiction in RHOQ functional data

  • Evaluate methodological differences between contradicting studies (cell types, experimental conditions, measurement techniques)

  • Conduct meta-analysis where sufficient similar studies exist

  • Design targeted validation experiments to directly address the contradiction

  • Consider whether contradictions might reflect genuine biological complexity rather than error

How can researchers effectively integrate quantitative and qualitative methods in RHOQ human studies?

Effective integration of quantitative and qualitative methods in RHOQ human studies requires thoughtful research design from project inception. Begin by determining whether a concurrent or sequential mixed-methods approach best suits your research question . For concurrent designs, collect quantitative measurements of RHOQ expression or activity alongside qualitative data about cellular contexts or patient experiences. For sequential designs, use initial quantitative screening to identify interesting RHOQ-related patterns, followed by targeted qualitative investigation of underlying mechanisms.

During data analysis, implement integration strategies such as:

  • Triangulation: Comparing findings from different methodological approaches to validate RHOQ-related observations

  • Complementarity: Using qualitative data to explain unexpected quantitative RHOQ findings

  • Development: Using findings from one method to inform the design of subsequent studies

  • Expansion: Broadening the scope of inquiry through methodological diversity

The integration of these approaches provides a more comprehensive understanding of RHOQ function than either method alone could achieve, particularly when studying complex human physiological or pathological contexts.

What methodological considerations are important when using AI to predict novel RHOQ functions in human systems?

When using AI to predict novel RHOQ functions in human systems, several methodological considerations are crucial for reliable outcomes. First, ensure your AI model incorporates awareness of existing human knowledge about RHOQ, as this enables both prediction acceleration and identification of knowledge gaps . Design your system to function as a "digital double" of the RHOQ research ecosystem, capable of simulating likely research trajectories while also identifying potential blind spots in current approaches .

Implement both prediction acceleration and "alien" hypothesis generation:

  • For prediction acceleration: Build models that can predict likely human inferences about RHOQ based on existing literature patterns, improving discovery prediction by up to 400%

  • For alien hypothesis generation: Design algorithms that identify scientifically promising hypotheses about RHOQ that human researchers might not consider for decades

Validate AI-generated predictions through experimental testing, and continuously refine your models based on experimental outcomes. This human-aware AI approach transforms artificial intelligence into radically augmented intelligence for RHOQ research, expanding human capacity and supporting improved exploration of RHOQ biology .

Product Science Overview

Introduction

The Ras Homolog Gene Family Member Q (RHOQ), also known as TC10, is a member of the Rho family of small GTPases. These proteins are pivotal in regulating various cellular processes, including cytoskeletal dynamics, cell shape, attachment, and motility. The RHOQ gene encodes a protein that cycles between an inactive GDP-bound state and an active GTP-bound state, functioning as a molecular switch in signal transduction pathways .

Gene and Protein Structure

The RHOQ gene is located on chromosome 2 and is a protein-coding gene. The protein encoded by RHOQ is involved in several critical cellular pathways, including signaling by Rho GTPases and the trafficking of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) to the plasma membrane . The protein has a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa and consists of 202 amino acids .

Function and Mechanism

RHOQ plays a significant role in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, which is essential for cell shape and motility. It is particularly important in epithelial cell polarization processes. The active GTP-bound form of RHOQ binds to various effector proteins to regulate cellular responses. One of its notable functions is in the exocytosis of the solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4 (GLUT4), and other proteins, potentially acting as a signal that activates the membrane fusion machinery .

Clinical Significance

Mutations or dysregulation of RHOQ can have significant implications for human health. For instance, alterations in RHOQ activity have been linked to various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders. The protein’s role in CFTR trafficking also suggests its potential involvement in cystic fibrosis .

Recombinant RHOQ

Recombinant human RHOQ is produced using recombinant DNA technology, which involves inserting the RHOQ gene into an expression system to produce the protein in large quantities. This recombinant protein is used in various research applications, including studies on cell signaling, cytoskeletal dynamics, and disease mechanisms .

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