VIP
Description
Introduction to Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide belonging to the glucagon/secretin superfamily, functioning as a ligand for class II G protein–coupled receptors . It is widely expressed in vertebrates, including the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, and endocrine organs, with roles in vasodilation, immune modulation, and metabolic regulation . VIP has a short plasma half-life (~2 minutes) , limiting its therapeutic applications unless stabilized via chemical modifications .
Molecular Structure and Chemical Properties
Key structural and biochemical characteristics of VIP:
| Property | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular Formula | C₁₄₇H₂₃₇N₄₃O₄₃S | |
| Molecular Weight | 3326.8 g/mol | |
| CAS Registry Number | 37221-79-7 | |
| Amino Acid Sequence | HSDAVFTDNYTRLRKQMAVKKYLNSILN | |
| Receptor Targets | VPAC1, VPAC2 |
VIP’s structure includes a highly basic N-terminal domain critical for receptor binding . Its instability in biological systems has driven research into PEGylation and stapled peptide analogs to enhance pharmacokinetics .
Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effects
VIP downregulates proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12) and upregulates anti-inflammatory IL-10 . Clinical studies highlight its efficacy in:
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Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (CIRS): VIP nasal spray reverses grey matter atrophy and improves neurocognitive outcomes .
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Autoimmune Diseases: Reduces inflammation in murine arthritis and asthma models .
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Ocular Infections: Enhances growth factors (EGF, FGF, HGF) and angiogenic molecules (VEGF-A) to promote corneal repair .
Metabolic Regulation
VIP enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, offering adjunct benefits for patients on GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy . Preclinical data suggest VIP modulates glycogenolysis and lipid metabolism .
Clinical Applications vs. Research Advancements
Challenges and Future Directions
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Pharmacokinetic Limitations: VIP’s rapid degradation necessitates drug delivery innovations (e.g., nasal sprays, PEGylation) .
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Regulatory Hurdles: The FDA’s 2019 proposal to exclude VIP from compounding lists risks limiting access for CIRS patients .
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Dual Roles in Disease: While VIP suppresses inflammation, it may promote tumor angiogenesis, requiring targeted receptor modulation .
Product Specs
H-His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Met-Ala-Val-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-NH2.
Q&A
The following FAQs address common inquiries in academic research contexts related to Vertically Integrated Projects (VIP), synthesized from multidisciplinary research principles and program implementation data. Questions are stratified by complexity and supported with methodological frameworks from peer-reviewed studies and program analyses.
Advanced Research Questions
What optimization methods address multidisciplinary communication barriers?
From 869 student cohort analysis :
| Barrier Type | Mitigation Strategy | Success Rate |
|---|---|---|
| Technical Lexicon | Weekly cross-domain glossary sessions | 82% improvement |
| Methodology Gaps | Paired programming (CS+ME teams) | 73% efficacy |
| Temporal Alignment | Agile sprints synchronized across majors | 68% adherence |
How to design statistically robust VIP assessment frameworks?
Four-pillar assessment model derived from :
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Longitudinal Analysis: 3-year persistence tracking matrices
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Multivariate Regression: Policy impact coefficients (β=0.68 for design sequence credits)
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Ethnographic Validation: 360° peer evaluations across disciplines
Technical Implementation
How to quantify knowledge transfer in VIP hierarchies?
Modified PageRank algorithm applied to mentorship networks:
Where = documented code reviews, = publication co-authorship links
Product Science Overview
VIP has a wide range of physiological functions:
- Cardiovascular System: It stimulates contractility in the heart and causes vasodilation, which helps lower arterial blood pressure .
- Digestive System: VIP increases glycogenolysis and relaxes the smooth muscle of the trachea, stomach, and gallbladder . It also stimulates the secretion of electrolytes and water by the intestinal mucosa .
- Nervous System: VIP functions as a neuromodulator and neurotransmitter. It regulates smooth muscle activity, epithelial cell secretion, and blood flow in the gastrointestinal tract .
VIP has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications due to its vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory properties. It is also involved in the regulation of immune responses and has been implicated in various diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) .
