Agouti–Related Protein Human Recombinant
BPC-157 Pentadecapeptide
Bremelanotide
Calcitonin Acetate Salmon
C-Peptide
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Binding Protein (22-322 a.a.) Human Recombinant
Escherichia Coli.
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Binding Protein Human Recombinant
DIHEXA
Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide
Elamipretide
Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system. They travel through the bloodstream to target organs and tissues, where they regulate various physiological processes. Hormones can be classified into three main categories based on their chemical composition:
Key Biological Properties: Hormones have low molecular weight, act in low concentrations, and are soluble in water, allowing them to be transported via blood . They are not stored beforehand and are secreted in response to specific stimuli.
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: Hormones are produced by various glands, including the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas. Each gland produces specific hormones that target different tissues and organs .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Hormones interact with specific receptors on target cells. These interactions can be categorized into two types:
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Hormone-receptor binding triggers a series of events inside the cell, including protein synthesis, enzyme activation or deactivation, and changes in cell permeability .
Control of Expression and Activity: Hormone levels are regulated by feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback loops maintain hormone concentrations within a narrow range, while positive feedback loops amplify hormone production in response to specific stimuli .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: Hormones can influence gene expression by binding to DNA and regulating transcription. Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, can also modulate hormone activity .
Biomedical Research: Hormones are used to study various physiological processes and disease mechanisms. For example, insulin is crucial in diabetes research .
Diagnostic Tools: Hormone levels are measured to diagnose endocrine disorders, such as hypothyroidism and diabetes .
Therapeutic Strategies: Hormone replacement therapies are used to treat conditions like hypothyroidism, menopause, and growth hormone deficiencies .
Development to Aging and Disease: Hormones play a vital role throughout the life cycle. During development, they regulate growth and differentiation. In adulthood, they maintain homeostasis and reproductive functions. As individuals age, hormone levels decline, contributing to age-related changes and diseases .