Product List

Thymosin beta 4

Thymosin β4

Thymosin b4 is a 43 amino acid peptide which is regarded as the main intracellular G-actin sequestering peptide. It has a molecular weight of 4963.55 Da, and its molecular formula is: C212H350N56O78S1. Extracellular Thymosin b4 may contribute to physiological processes such as angiogenesis, wound healing, and regulation of inflammation.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT20511
Source
Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.

Thymosin α1

Thymosin a1 Acetate

Thymosin a1 acetate, also known as thymalfasin has immunoregulatory properties enhancing immune functions. Thymosin a1 has a molecular formula of C129H215N33O55 a.a. sequence of Ac-Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Val-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Glu-Asn-OH and having a Mw of 3108.32 Dalton.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT20592
Source
Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.

Thymosin β4

Thymosin-b4 Human Recombinant

Thymosin b4 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 43 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 4.9kDa.
The Thymosin b4 Human is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT20668
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.

Introduction

Definition and Classification

Thymosins are a family of small proteins originally isolated from the thymus gland, but they are now known to be present in many other tissues . They play a crucial role in the development and differentiation of T-cells, which are essential for the adaptive immune response . Thymosins are classified into three main groups based on their isoelectric points: α, β, and γ thymosins .

Biological Properties

Key Biological Properties: Thymosins exhibit diverse biological activities, including the modulation of the cytoskeleton, facilitation of cell migration, and promotion of DNA synthesis . Thymosin β4, in particular, plays a key role in actin polymerization and gene expression across various cell types .

Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: Thymosins are widely distributed throughout the body. Thymosin β4 is highly expressed in the brain, liver, kidney, testis, myocardium, platelets, and leukocytes . It is also found in the thymus, spleen, and peritoneal macrophages .

Biological Functions

Primary Biological Functions: Thymosins are essential for proper T-cell development and differentiation . They stimulate the maturation of T-cells, which are derivatives of white blood cells that circulate in the system .

Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: Thymosins, particularly thymosin α1, enhance the immune response by increasing the production of cytokines, such as IFN-g and IL-2, and boosting the activity of natural killer cells . They also play a role in pathogen recognition by preparing T-cells to fight against viruses, bacteria, and other foreign antigens .

Modes of Action

Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Thymosin β4 interacts with actin monomers, facilitating their polymerization into filaments essential for cellular structure and motility . This regulation of actin assembly and disassembly processes influences cell migration, wound healing, and tissue repair mechanisms .

Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Thymosin β4 binds to actin monomers, maintaining a large pool of actin monomers (G-actin) that can be rapidly polymerized into filaments (F-actin) when needed . This process is crucial for the formation of filamentous structures like lamellipodia and filopodia, which mediate cell motility and guidance .

Regulatory Mechanisms

Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of thymosins is regulated at the transcriptional level by various factors, including cytokines and growth factors .

Post-Translational Modifications: Thymosins undergo post-translational modifications that can affect their activity and stability. For example, phosphorylation of thymosin β4 can influence its interaction with actin and other binding partners .

Applications

Biomedical Research: Thymosins are extensively studied for their role in immune modulation and tissue repair . Thymosin β4, in particular, has shown potential in promoting wound healing and tissue regeneration .

Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies: Thymosins are used as biomarkers for various diseases and as therapeutic agents. Thymosin α1 is used to boost the immune response in patients with chronic infections and cancer . Thymosin β4 is being explored for its potential in treating myocardial infarction, liver fibrosis, and skin trauma .

Role in the Life Cycle

Development to Aging and Disease: Thymosins play a crucial role throughout the life cycle. During development, they are essential for the maturation of the immune system . In adulthood, they continue to support immune function and tissue repair . As the body ages, the thymus gland shrinks, leading to a decrease in thymosin production and a decline in immune function . This decline is associated with increased susceptibility to infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer .

Thymosins, particularly thymosin β4, are also involved in the aging process by regulating the cytoskeletal rearrangement and mitochondrial transfer of thymus epithelial cells . This regulation is crucial for maintaining the normal function of the thymus and preventing age-related thymic devolution .

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