Growth Factors CD Antigens Enzymes Viral Antigens Recombinant Proteins Natural Proteins Monoclonal Antibodies Cytokines Polyclonal Antibodies Neurotrophins Chemokines Hormones Custom Antibodies Modified Histone Antibodies Tag/Control Antibodies Antibody Pairs Secondary Antibodies Small Molecular Antibodies Recombinant Antibodies ChIP Antibodies

Hormones

Thyrostimulin

Exendin

FSH

GHRP

GLP

Glucagon

HCG

Inhibin A

LHRH

Melanotan

Peptide Hormones

Procalcitonin

PTH

Stanniocalcin

Thymosin

TSH

Other Hormones

Product List

GPHA2 Human

Thyrostimulin Alpha Human Recombinant

Recombinant Human GPHA2, expressed in E. coli, is a single polypeptide chain devoid of glycosylation. It encompasses 120 amino acids, resulting in a molecular weight of 13.28 kDa. A His tag, comprising 14 additional amino acids, is incorporated into the recombinant protein. The amino acid sequence of recombinant human Thyrostimulin beta subunit exhibits complete homology (100%) with the corresponding human Thyrostimulin beta subunit sequence, excluding the signal sequence (N-terminal 24 amino acids). The purification of Thyrostimulin is achieved using proprietary chromatographic methods.

Shipped with Ice Packs

Cat. No.

BT20729

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Appearance

White powder, obtained through filtration and lyophilization (freeze-drying).

View Details

GPHB5 Human

Thyrostimulin Beta Human Recombinant

Recombinant Human GPHB5, produced in E. coli, is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain comprised of 120 amino acids, resulting in a molecular weight of 13.34 kDa. This Thyrostimulin variant includes a His tag consisting of 14 additional amino acids. The amino acid sequence of recombinant human Thyrostimulin beta subunit exhibits 100% homology to the corresponding sequence in the native human Thyrostimulin beta subunit, excluding the signal sequence (N-terminal 24 amino acids). Thyrostimulin undergoes purification using proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Shipped with Ice Packs

Cat. No.

BT20819

Source

Escherichia Coli.

Appearance

White, lyophilized powder, filtered for purity.

View Details

Introduction

Definition and Classification

Thyrostimulin is a glycoprotein hormone heterodimer composed of two subunits: glycoprotein alpha 2 (GPA2) and glycoprotein beta 5 (GPB5). It was first described in 2002 and is known for its role in stimulating the thyroid gland. Thyrostimulin shares structural similarities with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and binds to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), which is a member of the leucine-rich repeat (LGR) subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).

Biological Properties

Thyrostimulin exhibits several key biological properties:

Expression Patterns: It is expressed in various tissues, including the thyroid, ovaries, and bone.
Tissue Distribution: Thyrostimulin is found in a wide range of tissues across different species, indicating its multifunctional nature.

Biological Functions

Thyrostimulin plays several primary biological functions:

Thyroid Stimulation: It stimulates the thyroid gland, similar to TSH, promoting thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion.
Immune Responses: It has been implicated in immune responses and pathogen recognition.
Bone Metabolism: Thyrostimulin is involved in bone metabolism and skeletal development.
Reproductive Function: It plays a role in reproductive function and has been linked to ovarian cancer progression.

Modes of Action

Thyrostimulin interacts with other molecules and cells through the following mechanisms:

Binding Partners: It binds to TSHR, where GPA2 binds to the transmembrane domain and GPB5 associates with the extracellular domain.
Downstream Signaling Cascades: Upon binding to TSHR, thyrostimulin activates multiple signaling pathways mediated by G proteins and β-arrestins. These pathways regulate thyroid growth, differentiation, and hormone synthesis.

Regulatory Mechanisms

The expression and activity of thyrostimulin are controlled by various regulatory mechanisms:

Transcriptional Regulation: The transcription of thyrostimulin genes is regulated by factors that control the expression of GPA2 and GPB5.
Post-Translational Modifications: Post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, play a crucial role in the stability and activity of thyrostimulin.

Applications

Thyrostimulin has several applications in biomedical research and clinical practice:

Biomedical Research: It is used to study thyroid function, bone metabolism, and reproductive health.
Diagnostic Tools: Thyrostimulin levels can be measured to diagnose thyroid disorders and certain cancers.
Therapeutic Strategies: It has potential therapeutic applications in treating thyroid dysfunction and bone-related diseases.

Role in the Life Cycle

Thyrostimulin plays a role throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease:

Development: It is involved in skeletal development and reproductive function.
Aging: Its role in bone metabolism suggests it may influence age-related bone density changes.
Disease: Thyrostimulin has been implicated in various diseases, including thyroid disorders and ovarian cancer.