Product List
Ang4 Antibody
The Ang4 polyclonal antibody is generated by immunizing a rabbit with recombinant Mus musculus (mouse) Angiogenin-4 (amino acids 25-144). Following collection from the rabbit serum, the Ang4 antibody is purified using protein G. This Ang4 antibody is specifically designed for the detection of Mus musculus (mouse) Ang4 protein in ELISA and WB experiments.
Ang4 belongs to the angiopoietin family of proteins, which play critical roles in angiogenesis and vascular remodeling. Ang4 specifically influences blood vessel permeability and stability. It is involved in maintaining the integrity of blood vessels and regulating the movement of fluids and molecules across blood vessel walls. Furthermore, Ang4 has been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, wound healing, and tumor angiogenesis.
Icarapin Antibody
The icarapin polyclonal antibody is produced using a recombinant Apis mellifera carnica icarapin protein segment (amino acids 20-223) as the immunogen. This segment is used to immunize a rabbit, eliciting an antibody response. The polyclonal antibodies are then purified from the rabbit serum via affinity chromatography. The functionality of the icarapin antibody is validated through ELISA and Western blot assays, confirming its effectiveness in detecting the Apis mellifera carnica icarapin protein. Icarapin (Api m 10) is a novel IgE-binding bee venom protein that serves as the primary allergen responsible for allergic reactions to bee stings.
Abrin-a Antibody
The Abrin-a polyclonal antibody is produced by immunizing a rabbit with recombinant Abrus precatorius Abrin-a protein (amino acids 1-251). The antibody is subsequently isolated from the rabbit serum and purified using protein G. This Abrin-a antibody exhibits high efficacy in detecting the Abrin-a protein of Abrus precatorius in ELISA and Western blot applications.
Abrin-A, a protein found within the seeds of Abrus precatorius, exerts its primary function by inhibiting protein synthesis. Abrin-A acts as a potent toxin, inhibiting the activity of ribosomes, the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. This inhibition ultimately leads to cell death.
US12 Antibody
The US12 antibody is generated through immunization of a rabbit with recombinant human herpesvirus 1 ICP47 protein (1-88aa). This immunization process induces the production of IgG antibodies by the rabbit's B lymphocytes. Subsequent meticulous purification via protein G yields the polyclonal US12 antibody. This antibody demonstrates reactivity with human herpesvirus 1 ICP47 protein in ELISA and Western blot experiments.
Human herpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) US12-encoding protein ICP47 is a polymorphic protein with distinct roles in viral infection. During early infection, HSV-1 ICP47 can interfere with RNA splicing. In later stages of infection, it facilitates the transport of viral mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Notably, HSV-1 ICP47 directly interacts with the antigen-dependent transporter (TAP), effectively restricting antigen trafficking. This interaction leads to the generation of empty MHC-I molecules, contributing to the virus's evasion of the host immune system.
EBNA3 Antibody
This EBNA3 polyclonal antibody is produced through a rigorous process. Rabbits are repeatedly immunized with recombinant Epstein-Barr virus EBNA3 protein (1-138aa) until a high-titer antibody response is achieved. Antibody purification is then performed using protein G chromatography from the collected rabbit serum. The antibody's functionality is validated through ELISA and Western blot (WB) assays, confirming its specific binding to the Epstein-Barr virus EBNA3 protein.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) EBNA3 proteins (EBNA3A, EBNA3B, and EBNA3C) are crucial regulators of viral gene expression and B-lymphocyte transformation. They modulate host gene expression, cell cycle control, and immune evasion mechanisms. Notably, EBNA3A and EBNA3C contribute to the immortalization of infected B cells by inhibiting certain tumor suppressor proteins.
Introduction
Polyclonal antibodies are a diverse group of antibodies produced by different B cell clones in the body. They recognize and bind to multiple epitopes on a single antigen. Unlike monoclonal antibodies, which are derived from a single B cell clone and recognize a single epitope, polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous and can target various sites on an antigen. They are classified based on their source (e.g., rabbit, goat, mouse) and the type of antigen they target (e.g., proteins, peptides, small molecules).
Key Biological Properties: Polyclonal antibodies are characterized by their ability to recognize multiple epitopes, which enhances their binding strength and specificity. They are typically produced in response to an antigenic stimulus and can be found in the serum of immunized animals.
Expression Patterns: Polyclonal antibodies are produced by B cells in response to antigen exposure. The expression patterns depend on the immunization protocol and the animal species used.
Tissue Distribution: These antibodies are primarily found in the blood serum but can also be present in other body fluids and tissues, depending on the immune response and the distribution of the antigen.
Primary Biological Functions: Polyclonal antibodies play a crucial role in the immune system by recognizing and neutralizing pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. They facilitate the clearance of antigens through various immune mechanisms, including opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
Role in Immune Responses: Polyclonal antibodies are essential for the adaptive immune response. They provide a broad and robust defense against pathogens by targeting multiple epitopes, which reduces the likelihood of immune evasion by the pathogen.
Pathogen Recognition: These antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells.
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Polyclonal antibodies interact with various immune cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells, to mediate immune responses. They can also bind to Fc receptors on immune cells, enhancing phagocytosis and cytotoxicity.
Binding Partners: The primary binding partners of polyclonal antibodies are antigens, which can be proteins, peptides, or other molecules. They can also interact with complement proteins and Fc receptors.
Downstream Signaling Cascades: Upon binding to their target antigens, polyclonal antibodies can trigger downstream signaling cascades that lead to the activation of immune responses. This includes the activation of the complement system, which enhances opsonization and lysis of pathogens.
Expression and Activity Control: The production and activity of polyclonal antibodies are regulated by various factors, including the nature of the antigen, the immunization protocol, and the host’s immune system.
Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of polyclonal antibodies is controlled at the transcriptional level by cytokines and other signaling molecules that influence B cell activation and differentiation.
Post-Translational Modifications: Polyclonal antibodies can undergo post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, which can affect their stability, binding affinity, and effector functions.
Biomedical Research: Polyclonal antibodies are widely used in research for detecting and quantifying proteins, studying protein-protein interactions, and investigating cellular pathways.
Diagnostic Tools: They are used in various diagnostic assays, such as ELISA, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, to detect the presence of specific antigens in samples.
Therapeutic Strategies: Polyclonal antibodies are used in therapeutic applications, such as antivenoms, immunoglobulin replacement therapy, and passive immunization against infectious diseases.
Development: Polyclonal antibodies are produced throughout an individual’s life in response to antigen exposure. They play a critical role in the development of the immune system by providing protection against pathogens.
Aging: As individuals age, the production and diversity of polyclonal antibodies may decline, leading to a reduced ability to respond to new antigens and an increased susceptibility to infections.
Disease: Polyclonal antibodies are involved in various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, where they may target self-antigens, and infectious diseases, where they provide protection against pathogens.
