Chemokines
Product List
GRO a Rat
GRO-Alpha Rat Recombinant (CXCL1)
GRO b Human
GRO-Beta Human Recombinant (CXCL2)
GRO g Human, His
GRO-Gamma Human Recombinant (CXCL3), His Tag
GRO g Mouse
GRO-Gamma Mouse Recombinant (CXCL3)
GRO g Mouse, His
GRO-Gamma Mouse Recombinant (CXCL3), His Tag
GRO g/CINC-2a Rat
GRO-Gamma Rat Recombinant (CXCL3), CINC-2 alpha
GRO b Human, His
GRO-Beta Human Recombinant (CXCL2), His Tag
GRO b Mouse
GRO-Beta Mouse Recombinant (CXCL2)
GRO a Human
GRO-Alpha Human Recombinant (CXCL1)
GRO a Human, His
GRO-Alpha/MGSA Human Recombinant (CXCL1), His Tag
Introduction
GRO (Growth-Regulated Oncogene) proteins, also known as CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3, are members of the CXC chemokine family. These chemokines are characterized by the presence of a conserved glutamic acid-leucine-arginine (ELR) motif and play crucial roles in immune responses by acting as chemoattractants for neutrophils . CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL3 are also known as GRO-α, GRO-β, and GRO-γ, respectively .
Key Biological Properties: GRO proteins are small peptides that function primarily as chemoattractants for neutrophils . They are involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses.
Expression Patterns: These chemokines are expressed in various tissues, including the olfactory zone of the nasal mucosa, periodontal fiber, spleen, cartilage tissue, and bronchial epithelial cells .
Tissue Distribution: GRO proteins are found in granulocyte stroma of bone marrow, endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels, islets of Langerhans, and thymus .
Primary Biological Functions: GRO proteins play a significant role in inflammation by recruiting neutrophils to sites of injury or infection . They are also involved in the regulation of immune responses and pathogen recognition.
Role in Immune Responses: These chemokines are essential for the chemotaxis of neutrophils, which are crucial for the body’s defense against infections .
Pathogen Recognition: GRO proteins help in recognizing and responding to pathogens by attracting immune cells to the site of infection .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: GRO proteins bind to the CXCR2 receptor on neutrophils and other immune cells . This binding activates various signaling pathways, including the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase-γ (PI3Kγ)/Akt and MAP kinases such as ERK1/ERK2 .
Binding Partners: The primary binding partner for GRO proteins is the CXCR2 receptor .
Downstream Signaling Cascades: Upon binding to CXCR2, GRO proteins activate downstream signaling cascades that lead to the recruitment and activation of neutrophils .
Regulation of Expression: The expression of GRO proteins is regulated at the transcriptional level by factors such as NF-κB, p53, and various cytokines including IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-17, TGF-β, and TNF-α .
Post-Translational Modifications: GRO proteins undergo proteolytic processing and dimerization, which can influence their activity and localization .
Biomedical Research: GRO proteins are studied for their roles in inflammation, cancer, and immune responses .
Diagnostic Tools: Elevated levels of GRO proteins can serve as biomarkers for certain inflammatory and cancerous conditions .
Therapeutic Strategies: Targeting GRO proteins and their receptors is being explored as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating inflammatory diseases and cancer .
Development: GRO proteins are involved in the development of the immune system by regulating the migration and activation of neutrophils .
Aging: The expression and activity of GRO proteins can change with age, potentially influencing age-related inflammatory conditions .
Disease: Aberrant expression of GRO proteins is associated with various diseases, including cancer and chronic inflammatory conditions .
