Product List

CD99 Human

CD99 Human Recombinant

CD99 Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 342 amino acids (23-122a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 37.3kDa (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 40-57kDa).
CD99 is expressed with a 239 amino acids hIgG-His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT30912
Source

Sf9, Baculovirus cells.

Appearance
Sterile filtered colorless solution.

Introduction

Definition and Classification

CD99, also known as MIC2, is a heavily O-glycosylated transmembrane protein encoded by the CD99 gene in humans . It is a member of the Xg blood group system and exists in two isoforms due to alternative splicing . CD99 is involved in various cellular processes and has both oncogenic and tumor suppressor functions depending on the context .

Biological Properties

Key Biological Properties: CD99 is a 32 kDa surface glycoprotein that is highly O-glycosylated . It is broadly expressed in humans and primates, with strong expression in specific cell types .

Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: CD99 is expressed on all leukocytes, with the highest expression on thymocytes . It is also found in endothelial cells, gingival fibroblasts, and gingival epithelial cells . Additionally, CD99 is overexpressed in various tumors, including Ewing sarcoma and specific subtypes of leukemia .

Biological Functions

Primary Biological Functions: CD99 plays a crucial role in cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis . It is involved in the regulation of immune responses and pathogen recognition .

Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: CD99 is essential for T-cell adhesion and apoptosis of double-positive T cells . It also participates in the migration and activation of leukocytes, influencing immune responses .

Modes of Action

Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: CD99 acts through homophilic interactions, enabling homo- or heterotypic cell aggregation . It mediates diverse cellular processes such as adhesion, transendothelial migration, differentiation, and cell death .

Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: CD99 interacts with various molecules, including cyclophilin A . It activates downstream signaling pathways such as RAS-Rac1, which are crucial for its role in cell migration and apoptosis .

Regulatory Mechanisms

Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: CD99 expression is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels . Transcriptional regulation involves various factors that modulate its gene expression, while post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, influence its activity .

Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: CD99 is subject to alternative splicing, resulting in two isoforms with distinct functions . Glycosylation is a critical post-translational modification that affects its stability and function .

Applications

Biomedical Research: CD99 is a valuable marker in the diagnosis and study of various cancers, including Ewing sarcoma and leukemia . It is also used in research on immune responses and cell adhesion .

Diagnostic Tools: Antibodies against CD99 are employed in immunohistochemistry to distinguish Ewing sarcoma from other tumors with similar histological appearances . CD99 is also used to identify thymic tumors and spindle cell tumors .

Therapeutic Strategies: Targeting CD99 with monoclonal antibodies has shown promise in preclinical studies for treating tumors with high CD99 expression . Anti-CD99 therapy has potential applications in managing CNS inflammation and autoimmunity .

Role in the Life Cycle

Role Throughout the Life Cycle: CD99 is involved in various stages of the life cycle, from development to aging and disease . It plays a role in the differentiation of primitive neuroectodermal cells and the regulation of leukocyte migration . CD99’s expression and function are crucial in both normal physiological processes and pathological conditions .

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