Product List

AITR Human

AITR Human Recombinant

AITR Human Recombinant produced in Sf9 Baculovirus is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 145 amino acids (26-162a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 15.6kDa (Migrates at 18-28kDa on SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions).
AITR is fused to an 8 amino acid His-tag at C-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT8144
Source
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
Appearance
Sterile filtered colorless solution.

AITRL Human

AITRL Human Recombinant

AITRL Human Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 129 amino acids (72-199) and having a molecular mass of 14.6 kDa.
AITRL is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT8430
Source
E.coli.
Appearance
Sterile Filtered colorless solution.

AITRL Human, His

AITRL Human Recombinant, His Tag

AITRL Recombinant Human produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain (aa 50-177) containing a total of 137 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 15.6kDa. The AITRL protein is fused to a 9 aa His Tag at C-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT8637
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Sterile filtered colorless solution.

AITRL Human, T7

AITRL Human Recombinant, T7 Tag

AITRL Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 134 amino acids (81-199 a.a) and having a molecular mass of 15kDa.
AITRL is fused to a 15 amino acid T7-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT8841
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Sterile Filtered colorless solution.

Introduction

Definition and Classification

AITRL, also known as Activation-Inducible TNF-Related Ligand, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It is also referred to as GITR Ligand (GITRL) due to its interaction with the Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor (GITR). AITRL is classified as a cytokine, which plays a crucial role in immune regulation and inflammation .

Biological Properties

Key Biological Properties: AITRL is a transmembrane protein with a conserved TNF domain. It is a 14.4 kDa protein containing 127 amino acid residues .

Expression Patterns: AITRL is expressed in various cell types, including endothelial cells and antigen-presenting cells .

Tissue Distribution: The expression of AITRL is predominantly found in immune-related tissues, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus .

Biological Functions

Primary Biological Functions: AITRL plays a significant role in the regulation of immune responses. It is involved in the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of T cells.

Role in Immune Responses: AITRL can activate NF-kappa-B, induce both pro- and anti-apoptotic effects, inhibit the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells, and co-stimulate responder T cells through GITR.

Pathogen Recognition: AITRL is involved in the recognition and response to pathogens by modulating the activity of immune cells.

Modes of Action

Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: AITRL interacts with its receptor, GITR, leading to downstream signaling events that modulate immune cell function.

Binding Partners: The primary binding partner of AITRL is GITR, which is expressed on CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells.

Downstream Signaling Cascades: The binding of AITRL to GITR promotes the activation of NF-kappa-B and various mitogen-activated protein kinases, leading to immune cell activation and cytokine production.

Regulatory Mechanisms

Expression and Activity Control: The expression of AITRL is regulated by various factors, including cytokines and transcription factors .

Transcriptional Regulation: The transcription of AITRL is controlled by specific transcription factors that respond to immune signals .

Post-Translational Modifications: AITRL undergoes post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, which can affect its stability and function .

Applications

Biomedical Research: AITRL is used in research to study immune regulation and inflammation .

Diagnostic Tools: AITRL can be used as a biomarker for certain immune-related conditions .

Therapeutic Strategies: AITRL is being explored as a potential target for therapeutic interventions in autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, and cancer.

Role in the Life Cycle

Development: AITRL plays a role in the development of the immune system by influencing the differentiation and maturation of T cells .

Aging: The expression and function of AITRL may change with age, affecting immune responses in older individuals .

Disease: Dysregulation of AITRL signaling has been implicated in various immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases and cancer.

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