AITRL Human

AITRL Human Recombinant

Recombinant human AITRL protein, expressed in E. coli, is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain consisting of amino acids 72-199 (total 129 amino acids) with a molecular weight of 14.6 kDa. The protein is purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT8430
Source
E.coli.
Appearance
A clear, colorless, and sterile-filtered solution.

AITRL Human, His

AITRL Human Recombinant, His Tag

Recombinant human AITRL, expressed in E. coli, is a non-glycosylated polypeptide chain consisting of 137 amino acids (aa 50-177). With a molecular weight of 15.6 kDa, this protein includes a 9 amino acid His tag attached to its C-terminus. Purification is achieved through proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT8637
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
A clear and colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.

AITR Human

AITR Human Recombinant

Recombinant Human AITR protein is produced using a baculovirus expression system in Sf9 insect cells. The protein is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain encompassing amino acids 26-162a.a. of AITR and an 8 amino acid His-tag at the C-terminus, resulting in a molecular weight of 15.6kDa (observed as 18-28kDa on SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions). Purification is achieved through proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT8144
Source
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
Appearance
The product is a sterile, colorless solution that has been filtered for sterility.

AITRL Human, T7

AITRL Human Recombinant, T7 Tag

Recombinant human AITRL, expressed in E. coli, is a non-glycosylated polypeptide chain comprising 134 amino acids. It encompasses amino acids 81 to 199 of the AITRL protein and has a molecular weight of 15 kDa. The recombinant protein is engineered with a 15 amino acid T7-tag at its N-terminus and is purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT8841
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
A clear, colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.
Definition and Classification

AITRL, also known as Activation-Inducible TNF-Related Ligand, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It is also referred to as GITR Ligand (GITRL) due to its interaction with the Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor (GITR). AITRL is classified as a cytokine, which plays a crucial role in immune regulation and inflammation .

Biological Properties

Key Biological Properties: AITRL is a transmembrane protein with a conserved TNF domain. It is a 14.4 kDa protein containing 127 amino acid residues .

Expression Patterns: AITRL is expressed in various cell types, including endothelial cells and antigen-presenting cells .

Tissue Distribution: The expression of AITRL is predominantly found in immune-related tissues, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus .

Biological Functions

Primary Biological Functions: AITRL plays a significant role in the regulation of immune responses. It is involved in the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of T cells.

Role in Immune Responses: AITRL can activate NF-kappa-B, induce both pro- and anti-apoptotic effects, inhibit the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells, and co-stimulate responder T cells through GITR.

Pathogen Recognition: AITRL is involved in the recognition and response to pathogens by modulating the activity of immune cells.

Modes of Action

Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: AITRL interacts with its receptor, GITR, leading to downstream signaling events that modulate immune cell function.

Binding Partners: The primary binding partner of AITRL is GITR, which is expressed on CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells.

Downstream Signaling Cascades: The binding of AITRL to GITR promotes the activation of NF-kappa-B and various mitogen-activated protein kinases, leading to immune cell activation and cytokine production.

Regulatory Mechanisms

Expression and Activity Control: The expression of AITRL is regulated by various factors, including cytokines and transcription factors .

Transcriptional Regulation: The transcription of AITRL is controlled by specific transcription factors that respond to immune signals .

Post-Translational Modifications: AITRL undergoes post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, which can affect its stability and function .

Applications

Biomedical Research: AITRL is used in research to study immune regulation and inflammation .

Diagnostic Tools: AITRL can be used as a biomarker for certain immune-related conditions .

Therapeutic Strategies: AITRL is being explored as a potential target for therapeutic interventions in autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, and cancer.

Role in the Life Cycle

Development: AITRL plays a role in the development of the immune system by influencing the differentiation and maturation of T cells .

Aging: The expression and function of AITRL may change with age, affecting immune responses in older individuals .

Disease: Dysregulation of AITRL signaling has been implicated in various immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases and cancer.

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