Cytokines
Product List
AITRL Human
AITRL Human Recombinant
AITRL Human, His
AITRL Human Recombinant, His Tag
AITR Human
AITR Human Recombinant
AITRL Human, T7
AITRL Human Recombinant, T7 Tag
Introduction
AITRL, also known as Activation-Inducible TNF-Related Ligand, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily. It is also referred to as GITR Ligand (GITRL) due to its interaction with the Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor (GITR). AITRL is classified as a cytokine, which plays a crucial role in immune regulation and inflammation .
Key Biological Properties: AITRL is a transmembrane protein with a conserved TNF domain. It is a 14.4 kDa protein containing 127 amino acid residues .
Expression Patterns: AITRL is expressed in various cell types, including endothelial cells and antigen-presenting cells .
Tissue Distribution: The expression of AITRL is predominantly found in immune-related tissues, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus .
Primary Biological Functions: AITRL plays a significant role in the regulation of immune responses. It is involved in the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of T cells.
Role in Immune Responses: AITRL can activate NF-kappa-B, induce both pro- and anti-apoptotic effects, inhibit the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells, and co-stimulate responder T cells through GITR.
Pathogen Recognition: AITRL is involved in the recognition and response to pathogens by modulating the activity of immune cells.
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: AITRL interacts with its receptor, GITR, leading to downstream signaling events that modulate immune cell function.
Binding Partners: The primary binding partner of AITRL is GITR, which is expressed on CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells.
Downstream Signaling Cascades: The binding of AITRL to GITR promotes the activation of NF-kappa-B and various mitogen-activated protein kinases, leading to immune cell activation and cytokine production.
Expression and Activity Control: The expression of AITRL is regulated by various factors, including cytokines and transcription factors .
Transcriptional Regulation: The transcription of AITRL is controlled by specific transcription factors that respond to immune signals .
Post-Translational Modifications: AITRL undergoes post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, which can affect its stability and function .
Biomedical Research: AITRL is used in research to study immune regulation and inflammation .
Diagnostic Tools: AITRL can be used as a biomarker for certain immune-related conditions .
Therapeutic Strategies: AITRL is being explored as a potential target for therapeutic interventions in autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, and cancer.
Development: AITRL plays a role in the development of the immune system by influencing the differentiation and maturation of T cells .
Aging: The expression and function of AITRL may change with age, affecting immune responses in older individuals .
Disease: Dysregulation of AITRL signaling has been implicated in various immune-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases and cancer.
