Cytokines
Product List
Thrombopoietin Human
Thrombopoietin Human Recombinant
TPO Mouse, HEK
Thrombopoietin Mouse Recombinant, HEK
Recombinant Mouse TPO, expressed in HEK293 cells, is a non-glycosylated polypeptide chain consisting of 341 amino acids (22-356 a.a). With a molecular weight of 36.4 kDa, this TPO variant has a 6 amino acid His-tag fused at its C-terminus. Purification is achieved through proprietary chromatographic techniques.
HEK293.
TPO Human, CHO
Thrombopoietin Human Recombinant, CHO
Recombinant Human Thrombopoietin, produced in CHO cells, exhibits a molecular weight range of 80-90kDa due to glycosylation. The purification process involves proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells.
TPO Human, HEK
Thrombopoietin Human Recombinant, HEK
TPO Human, His
Thrombopoietin Human Recombinant, His Tag
TPO Mouse
Thrombopoietin Mouse Recombinant
Introduction
Key Biological Properties: TPO is a lineage-specific cytokine that stimulates the growth and maturation of megakaryocytes, the precursor cells to platelets . It is synthesized as a 353 amino acid precursor protein and undergoes glycosylation to produce a 95 kDa glycoprotein .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: TPO is primarily produced in the liver, with smaller amounts synthesized in the kidney and bone marrow . It is released into the circulation without apparent intracellular storage in the liver .
Primary Biological Functions: TPO is the major physiological regulator of platelet production. It binds to the TPO receptor (c-Mpl), activating signaling pathways that stimulate megakaryocyte growth and platelet production .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: While TPO’s primary role is in hematopoiesis, it also has implications in immune responses. For instance, TPO levels can be affected by inflammatory cytokines, linking it to immune system regulation .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: TPO binds to the c-Mpl receptor on the surface of megakaryocytes and platelets. This binding activates the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, which is crucial for the proliferation and maturation of megakaryocytes .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Upon binding to its receptor, TPO activates several downstream signaling cascades, including the JAK-STAT, PI3K-AKT, and MAPK pathways. These pathways collectively contribute to the growth, survival, and differentiation of megakaryocytes .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: The production of TPO is primarily regulated at the transcriptional level by liver cells. The serum concentration of TPO is modulated through its binding to the c-Mpl receptor on platelets, which helps maintain a balance between TPO production and platelet count .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: TPO gene expression is upregulated by various factors, including inflammatory cytokines. Post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, are essential for the stability and activity of TPO .
Biomedical Research: TPO and its receptor are critical in studying hematopoiesis and related disorders. Research on TPO has led to the development of TPO receptor agonists used in treating thrombocytopenia .
Diagnostic Tools: Measuring TPO levels can help diagnose and monitor conditions like thrombocytopenia and other hematopoietic disorders .
Therapeutic Strategies: TPO receptor agonists, such as romiplostim and eltrombopag, are used to treat conditions like immune thrombocytopenia and chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: TPO plays a vital role from fetal development through adulthood. It is crucial for maintaining platelet levels, especially during periods of increased demand, such as injury or disease . TPO levels and activity can also be affected by aging and various pathological conditions, including liver disease and bone marrow disorders .
