HTLV-1 p24

HTLV-1 p24 Recombinant

Recombinantly produced in E. coli, HTLV-1 p24 encompasses the full length of the HTLV-1 p24 protein. It consists of 188 amino acids, resulting in a molecular size of 21 kDa. The purification process for HTLV-1 p24 involves a proprietary chromatographic technique.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT25028
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Sterile Filtered clear solution.

HTLV-1 p24 core

HTLV-1 p24 Core Recombinant

This recombinant HTLV-I p24 protein, derived from E. coli, encompasses the full-length p24 sequence, totaling 214 amino acids with a molecular weight of 24kDa.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT25103

HTLV-1 Envelope

HTLV-1 Envelope Recombinant

This E. coli-derived recombinant protein encompasses the C-terminus of gp46 and a significant portion of p21E from HTLV-1. The non-fusion protein, expressed in E. coli, spans amino acids 165 to 440 of the HTLV-1 env protein, resulting in a molecular weight of 27 kDa.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT24643
Appearance
A sterile-filtered, colorless solution.

HTLV-1 gp21

HTLV-1 gp21 Recombinant

This recombinant protein, derived from E. coli, encompasses the immunodominant region (amino acids 1-152) of the HTLV-1 gp21 protein. It has a molecular weight of 17.9 kDa and includes a C-terminal His tag.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT24817

HTLV-1 gp46 mosaic

HTLV-I gp46 Mosaic Recombinant

This recombinant protein is derived from E. coli and consists of the immunodominant region of HTLV-1 gp46 (amino acids 21-313). It has a molecular weight of 34.2kDa on SDS-PAGE and is fused to a 6-histidine tag at the C-terminus.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT24884

HTLV-1 mosaic

HTLV-1 Mosaic Recombinant

This recombinant HTLV-1 mosaic protein is derived from E. coli and contains the immunodominant regions of gp21 (amino acids 374-400) and gp46 (amino acids 190-201). It is fused with GST at the N-terminus.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT24966
Definition and Classification

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is a retrovirus belonging to the family Retroviridae and the genus Deltaretrovirus. It is classified into four types: HTLV-1, HTLV-2, HTLV-3, and HTLV-4. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are the most studied and are associated with various diseases in humans. HTLV-1 is known to cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) .

Biological Properties

HTLV-1 is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that displays CD4 T-cell tropism. It spreads primarily through direct cell-to-cell contact, and viral RNA is not found in plasma. The virus integrates into the host genome as a provirus, leading to lifelong infection . HTLV-1 is primarily found in blood, breast milk, and semen, and it is transmitted through these bodily fluids . The virus is endemic in regions such as the Caribbean, South America, Japan, and parts of Africa .

Biological Functions

HTLV-1 primarily infects CD4+ T cells and can cause their malignant transformation. The virus’s Tax protein plays a central role in modulating the expression of viral and cellular genes, leading to uncontrolled T-cell proliferation and genomic instability . HTLV-1 also affects immune responses and pathogen recognition by altering cytokine production and immune cell signaling pathways .

Modes of Action

HTLV-1’s Tax protein interacts with various cellular proteins and signaling pathways, including the NF-κB pathway, to promote T-cell proliferation and survival . The virus spreads through direct cell-to-cell contact, forming a virological synapse that facilitates the transfer of viral particles between cells . HTLV-1 also employs other mechanisms, such as the formation of cellular conduits and extracellular viral assemblies, to ensure its persistence and spread .

Regulatory Mechanisms

The expression and activity of HTLV-1 are regulated by both viral and host factors. The Tax protein activates viral gene expression and NF-κB signaling, while the Hbz protein counteracts some of Tax’s functions . Additionally, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs play roles in regulating HTLV-1 transcription and latency . Post-translational modifications of viral proteins also contribute to the regulation of HTLV-1 activity .

Applications

HTLV-1 has significant implications in biomedical research, particularly in understanding retroviral oncogenesis and immune evasion mechanisms. Diagnostic tools for HTLV-1 include immunoassays and confirmatory tests such as western blot and line immunoassay . Therapeutic strategies for HTLV-1-associated diseases focus on antiviral drugs, immune modulation, and targeted therapies to inhibit viral replication and T-cell transformation .

Role in the Life Cycle

HTLV-1 establishes lifelong infection by integrating its genome into the DNA of infected T cells. The virus persists in the host by inducing pro-proliferative changes in infected cells, maintaining the proviral load . HTLV-1’s role in the life cycle includes initial infection, latency, and reactivation, which can lead to diseases such as ATL and HAM/TSP . The virus’s ability to evade immune responses and persist in the host contributes to its pathogenicity and long-term impact on health .

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