Cytokines
Product List
APOA5 Human, HEK
Apolipoprotein A-V Human Recombinant, HEK
The product appears as a white powder that has been freeze-dried and filtered.
APOB Human
Apolipoprotein-B Human
This product consists of human ApoB, derived from human plasma, with a molecular weight of 550 kDa.
Human Plasma.
Sterile Filtered lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.
APOC1 Human
Apolipoprotein C-I Human Recombinant
APOD Human, HEK
Apolipoprotein-D Human Recombinant, HEK
APOE3 Human
Apolipoprotein E3 Human Recombinant
APOM Human, HEK
Apolipoprotein-M Human Recombinant, HEK
Human Serum.
Clusterin Mouse
Apolipoprotein-J Mouse Recombinant
Recombinant Mouse Clusterin is a single-chain protein produced artificially, containing sugar modifications. It consists of 433 amino acids (specifically, positions 22 to 448 of the original protein sequence), resulting in a molecular weight of 50.2 kDa as calculated from its composition. A His tag, consisting of six histidine amino acids, has been added to the C-terminal end of the protein to aid in purification and detection.
The product appears as a white powder that has been sterilized by filtration and dried by freeze-drying.
Clusterin Rat
Clusterin Rat Recombinant
The Clusterin Rat His-Tagged Fusion Protein, expressed in E. coli, is a 26.5 kDa protein. It comprises 215 amino acids of Rat APO-J and an additional 25 amino acids from tags: a T7-Tag (16 amino acids) at the N-terminus and a His-Tag (9 amino acids) at the C-terminus. (Underlined for emphasis).
APOA1 Human
Apolipoprotein A-I Human Recombinant
Recombinant human Apolipoprotein A-I, expressed in E. coli, is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain comprising 243 amino acids. It possesses a molecular weight of 28.1 kDa. The purification of APOA1 is achieved through proprietary chromatographic methods.
Introduction
Apolipoproteins are proteins that bind lipids (oil-soluble substances such as fats, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins) to form lipoproteins . They play a crucial role in the transport of lipids in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and lymph . Apolipoproteins are classified into several classes designated by letters, such as A, B, C, D, and E, with specific class members typically identified by a number . For example, Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is the major structural protein component of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) .
Key Biological Properties: Apolipoproteins have amphipathic properties, allowing them to stabilize lipoprotein structure and solubilize lipid components . They also serve as enzyme cofactors for specific enzymes involved in lipid metabolism .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: Apolipoproteins are primarily synthesized in the liver and intestines . For instance, ApoA-I is mainly produced in the liver and intestines, while ApoE is synthesized in the liver and brain .
Primary Biological Functions: Apolipoproteins are essential for lipid transport and metabolism . They stabilize lipoprotein particles, serve as enzyme cofactors, and act as ligands for lipoprotein receptors .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: Apolipoproteins, such as ApoA-I, have anti-inflammatory properties and can modulate immune cell functions . They also play a role in pathogen recognition and clearance .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Apolipoproteins interact with lipoprotein receptors and lipid transport proteins, facilitating lipoprotein uptake and clearance . They also serve as enzyme cofactors for lipid metabolism .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Apolipoproteins bind to various receptors, such as the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, and initiate downstream signaling cascades that regulate lipid metabolism .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: Apolipoprotein synthesis is regulated by dietary composition, hormones (insulin, glucagon, thyroxin, estrogens, androgens), alcohol intake, and various drugs (statins, niacin, and fibric acids) .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: Transcription of apolipoproteins is controlled by promoter and enhancer elements, as well as epigenetic mechanisms . Post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, also play a role in their function .
Biomedical Research: Apolipoproteins are studied for their roles in lipid metabolism, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders .
Diagnostic Tools: Apolipoproteins, such as ApoA-I and ApoB, are used as biomarkers for cardiovascular risk assessment .
Therapeutic Strategies: Apolipoprotein mimetics and gene therapy are being explored as potential treatments for cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: Apolipoproteins play a critical role in lipid metabolism from development to aging . They are involved in various physiological processes, including brain development, immune responses, and maintenance of lipid homeostasis .
In Aging and Disease: Dysregulation of apolipoproteins is associated with age-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and metabolic disorders .
