Cytokines
Product List
Clusterin Canine
Clusterin Canine Recombinant
Clusterin Canine, HEK
Clusterin Canine Recombinant, HEK
Clusterin Human
Clusterin Human Recombinant
Clusterin Human, His
Apolipoprotein-J Human Recombinant, His Tag
APOH
Apolipoprotein-H Human Recombinant
APOH Bovine
Apoliporotein-H Bovine
Introduction
Apolipoproteins are proteins that bind lipids (oil-soluble substances such as fats, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins) to form lipoproteins . They play a crucial role in the transport of lipids in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and lymph . Apolipoproteins are classified into several classes designated by letters, such as A, B, C, D, and E, with specific class members typically identified by a number . For example, Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) is the major structural protein component of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) .
Key Biological Properties: Apolipoproteins have amphipathic properties, allowing them to stabilize lipoprotein structure and solubilize lipid components . They also serve as enzyme cofactors for specific enzymes involved in lipid metabolism .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: Apolipoproteins are primarily synthesized in the liver and intestines . For instance, ApoA-I is mainly produced in the liver and intestines, while ApoE is synthesized in the liver and brain .
Primary Biological Functions: Apolipoproteins are essential for lipid transport and metabolism . They stabilize lipoprotein particles, serve as enzyme cofactors, and act as ligands for lipoprotein receptors .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: Apolipoproteins, such as ApoA-I, have anti-inflammatory properties and can modulate immune cell functions . They also play a role in pathogen recognition and clearance .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Apolipoproteins interact with lipoprotein receptors and lipid transport proteins, facilitating lipoprotein uptake and clearance . They also serve as enzyme cofactors for lipid metabolism .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Apolipoproteins bind to various receptors, such as the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, and initiate downstream signaling cascades that regulate lipid metabolism .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: Apolipoprotein synthesis is regulated by dietary composition, hormones (insulin, glucagon, thyroxin, estrogens, androgens), alcohol intake, and various drugs (statins, niacin, and fibric acids) .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: Transcription of apolipoproteins is controlled by promoter and enhancer elements, as well as epigenetic mechanisms . Post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, also play a role in their function .
Biomedical Research: Apolipoproteins are studied for their roles in lipid metabolism, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders .
Diagnostic Tools: Apolipoproteins, such as ApoA-I and ApoB, are used as biomarkers for cardiovascular risk assessment .
Therapeutic Strategies: Apolipoprotein mimetics and gene therapy are being explored as potential treatments for cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: Apolipoproteins play a critical role in lipid metabolism from development to aging . They are involved in various physiological processes, including brain development, immune responses, and maintenance of lipid homeostasis .
In Aging and Disease: Dysregulation of apolipoproteins is associated with age-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and metabolic disorders .
