Cytokines
Product List
BMP6 Human
Bone Morphogenetic protein-6 Human Recombinant
BMPR1A Human, IgG-His
Bone Morphogenetic protein Receptor-1A Human Recombinant, IgG-His
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
BMPR1B Human
Bone Morphogenetic protein Receptor-1B Human Recombinant
GDF10 Human
Growth differentiation factor 10 Human Recombinant
GDF11 Human
Growth and Differentiation factor 11 Human Recombinant
Recombinant human GDF11, produced in E. coli bacteria, is a non-glycosylated homodimer. Each GDF11 molecule consists of two identical chains, each containing 109 amino acids. The total molecular weight of the GDF11 homodimer is 24.9 kilodaltons (kDa).
GDF11 Human, His
Growth and Differentiation factor 11 Human Recombinant, His Tag
GDF15 D Human
Growth and Differentiation Factor 15 D-Variant Human Recombinant
TSG Human
Twisted Gastrulation Protein Human Recombinant
BMP 7 Human
Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 Human Recombinant
BMP 7 Human, HEK
Bone Morphogenetic protein-7 Human Recombinant, HEK
Introduction
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors and cytokines that belong to the Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) superfamily . They were initially discovered for their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage. BMPs are pivotal morphogenetic signals that orchestrate tissue architecture throughout the body . There are over 20 different BMPs, each with specific roles in various biological processes .
Key Biological Properties: BMPs are multifunctional growth factors involved in bone and cartilage development, embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, and neurogenesis . They stimulate the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts, which are essential for bone formation .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: BMPs are expressed in various tissues, including bone, cartilage, teeth, and kidneys . They are secreted glycoproteins that play crucial roles in developmental processes .
Primary Biological Functions: BMPs are essential for bone and cartilage development. They induce the formation of bone and cartilage by promoting the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts . BMPs also play roles in cell migration, growth, and differentiation during embryogenesis .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: BMPs modulate inflammation, angiogenesis, and immune responses, providing biological cues for tissue repair, protection, and regeneration .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: BMPs function by binding to specific receptors on cell surfaces, initiating signaling pathways that result in osteoblast differentiation . They interact with type II and type I serine-threonine kinase receptors and transduce signals through Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: BMPs bind to their receptors, leading to the phosphorylation of Smad proteins. These phosphorylated Smads form complexes with Smad4, translocate to the nucleus, and regulate the transcription of target genes .
Regulatory Mechanisms: BMP signaling is finely tuned by various mechanisms, including extracellular antagonists, BMP prodomains, and co-receptors . These regulatory mechanisms ensure precise control of BMP activity and signaling outcomes .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: BMP ligands are processed from larger precursor forms by proteases, which cleave the prodomain region away from the functional mature domain . This processing is crucial for the activation and regulation of BMP signaling .
Biomedical Research: BMPs are extensively studied for their roles in bone and cartilage development, as well as their potential therapeutic applications .
Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies: Recombinant human BMPs (rhBMPs) are used in orthopedic applications such as spinal fusions, nonunions, and oral surgery . BMP-2 and BMP-7 are FDA-approved for specific uses . BMPs are also being explored for their potential in treating chronic kidney disease and other conditions .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: BMPs play critical roles from embryonic development to aging and disease. During embryogenesis, BMPs are involved in the formation of bone, cartilage, and other tissues . In adults, BMPs contribute to bone homeostasis, repair, and regeneration . Dysregulation of BMP signaling is associated with various pathological conditions, including cancer and fibrosis .
BMPs are essential for maintaining bone health throughout life, ensuring proper bone remodeling and regeneration . They are also involved in the regulation of osteoclast and osteoblast activity, which is crucial for bone homeostasis .
