Cytokines
Product List
Recombinant Mouse Interleukin-1 alpha (Il1a) (Active)
Recombinant mouse Il1a (115-270aa) was produced by co-cloning the gene fragment encoding the protein into an expression vector and introducing it into E.coli cells for expression. The recombinant mouse Il1a was purified from the culture supernatants of transfected E.coli cells using affinity chromatography. The purity of the protein is over 95%, as measured by SDS-PAGE, and the endotoxin content is less than 1.0 EU/µg as determined by the LAL method. This recombinant Il1a protein has been validated to be biologically active, with an ED50 of less than 20 pg/mL as determined in a cell proliferation assay using mouse D10S cells.
Mouse Il1a protein is a cytokine that plays a critical role in inflammatory responses and immune regulation in mice. Research has shown that Il1a is involved in a variety of biological processes in mice, such as skin inflammation, oocyte aging, macrophage function, embryo implantation, and regulation of gene expression.
In mouse models of skin inflammation, such as acute skin inflammation induced by PMA, increased Il1a mRNA production is observed, indicating its involvement in inflammatory processes [1]. Il1a has also been implicated in embryo implantation, where it upregulates the expression of certain genes in mouse uterine stromal cells [2]. Il1a and IL6 expression levels are higher in normal and activated mouse blastocysts compared to dormant ones, indicating their involvement in early developmental processes [3].
Furthermore, Il1a deficiency has been shown to increase the expression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptors in granulosa cells, suggesting a role in reproductive processes [4]. Il1a is upregulated in dendritic cells following incubation with immune complexes, indicating its involvement in immune responses [5].
References:
[1] P. Martin, J. Goldstein, L. Mermoud, A. Díz-Barreiro, & G. Palmer, Il-1 family antagonists in mouse and human skin inflammation, Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 12, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.652846
[2] A. Fouladi-Nashta, L. Mohamet, J. Heath, & S. Kimber, Interleukin 1 signaling is regulated by leukemia inhibitory factor (lif) and is aberrant in lif−/− mouse uterus1, Biology of Reproduction, vol. 79, no. 1, p. 142-153, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.107.065219
[3] J. Shakerzadeh, M. Movahedin, A. Eidi, N. Roodbari, & K. Parivar, Forced suppression of let-7a-5p in mouse blastocysts improves implantation rate, Reproductive Sciences, vol. 29, no. 6, p. 1730-1737, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43032-021-00659-3
[4] S. Uri-Belapolsky, I. Miller, A. Shaish, M. Levi, D. Harats, L. Ninio-Manyet al., Interleukin 1-alpha deficiency increases the expression of follicle-stimulating hormone receptors in granulosa cells, Molecular Reproduction and Development, vol. 84, no. 6, p. 460-467, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22799
[5] N. Montfoort, P. Hoen, S. Mangsbo, M. Camps, P. Boross, C. Meliefet al., Fcγ receptor iib strongly regulates fcγ receptor-facilitated t cell activation by dendritic cells, The Journal of Immunology, vol. 189, no. 1, p. 92-101, 2012. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1103703
Introduction
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines, which are secreted proteins and signal molecules primarily produced by leukocytes (white blood cells). They play a crucial role in the immune system by mediating communication between cells . The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related proteins . Interleukins are classified based on their structure and function, with common families including IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-12 .
Key Biological Properties: Interleukins are biologically active glycoproteins derived primarily from activated lymphocytes and macrophages . They induce T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation, augment neutrophil, macrophage, and T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity, and promote B lymphocyte and multilineage bone marrow stem-cell precursor growth and differentiation .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: Interleukins are produced by various cell types, including immune cells like macrophages and lymphocytes . They are expressed in different tissues, such as the bone marrow, thymus, and other epithelial cells .
Primary Biological Functions: Interleukins modulate the growth, differentiation, and activation of immune cells during inflammatory and immune responses . They play a role in both innate and adaptive immune responses .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: Interleukins are involved in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis . They help coordinate the body’s response to infections, inflammation, and other immune challenges .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Interleukins interact with specific cell surface receptors to stimulate target cells . For example, IL-6 controls leucocyte recruitment, determines the activity and maintenance of the inflammatory infiltrate, and drives various innate and adaptive immune responses .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Interleukins bind to their respective receptors, triggering downstream signaling pathways such as the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways . These signaling cascades lead to various cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: The expression and activity of interleukins are regulated by complex molecular mechanisms. For example, IL-10 production is regulated by metabolic pathways and molecular signals downstream of the IL-10 receptor .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: Interleukins undergo transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications to ensure proper function. These modifications can include phosphorylation, glycosylation, and cleavage .
Biomedical Research: Interleukins are extensively studied in biomedical research for their roles in immune regulation and disease pathogenesis .
Diagnostic Tools: Interleukins serve as biomarkers for various diseases, aiding in diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression .
Therapeutic Strategies: Interleukins are used in therapeutic strategies, such as cancer immunotherapy and treatment of autoimmune diseases . For example, engineered cytokines from the IL-2 family have shown significant effects in tumor immunotherapy .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: Interleukins play essential roles throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease. They regulate hematopoiesis, immune responses, and inflammation . For instance, IL-5 regulates eosinophil proliferation and differentiation, while IL-1 is involved in inflammatory responses .
