Cytokines
Product List
Recombinant Human Interleukin-15 protein (IL15) (Active)
Recombinant Human Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is produced by expressing a DNA sequence encoding amino acids 49-162 of human IL-15 in E. coli. SDS-PAGE and HPLC analyses demonstrate a purity exceeding 97% for the full-length mature protein. Biological activity is confirmed by a murine CTLL-2 cell proliferation assay (ED50 < 0.5 ng/ml, specific activity > 2.0 x 106 IU/mg). Endotoxin levels are less than 1.0 EU/µg, as determined by the LAL method. This tag-free IL-15 protein is available in stock; however, custom services are available for the addition of specific tags. Applications include the generation of anti-IL-15 antibodies and immunological research.
IL-15 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine crucial for the development, survival, and activation of NK, T, and B cells. Binding to the IL-2/IL-15Rβ/γc heterodimeric receptor activates the JAK-STAT, PI3K-Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways. JAK-STAT signaling stimulates transcriptional activation of genes such as bcl-2 and proto-oncogenes (c-myc, c-fos, and c-jun), while PI3K-Akt and MAPK pathways promote cell survival and activation. While IL-15 exhibits reported anti-tumor effects on the immune system, it can also initiate and promote various malignancies.
Introduction
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines, which are secreted proteins and signal molecules primarily produced by leukocytes (white blood cells). They play a crucial role in the immune system by mediating communication between cells . The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related proteins . Interleukins are classified based on their structure and function, with common families including IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-12 .
Key Biological Properties: Interleukins are biologically active glycoproteins derived primarily from activated lymphocytes and macrophages . They induce T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation, augment neutrophil, macrophage, and T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity, and promote B lymphocyte and multilineage bone marrow stem-cell precursor growth and differentiation .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: Interleukins are produced by various cell types, including immune cells like macrophages and lymphocytes . They are expressed in different tissues, such as the bone marrow, thymus, and other epithelial cells .
Primary Biological Functions: Interleukins modulate the growth, differentiation, and activation of immune cells during inflammatory and immune responses . They play a role in both innate and adaptive immune responses .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: Interleukins are involved in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis . They help coordinate the body’s response to infections, inflammation, and other immune challenges .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Interleukins interact with specific cell surface receptors to stimulate target cells . For example, IL-6 controls leucocyte recruitment, determines the activity and maintenance of the inflammatory infiltrate, and drives various innate and adaptive immune responses .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Interleukins bind to their respective receptors, triggering downstream signaling pathways such as the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways . These signaling cascades lead to various cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: The expression and activity of interleukins are regulated by complex molecular mechanisms. For example, IL-10 production is regulated by metabolic pathways and molecular signals downstream of the IL-10 receptor .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: Interleukins undergo transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications to ensure proper function. These modifications can include phosphorylation, glycosylation, and cleavage .
Biomedical Research: Interleukins are extensively studied in biomedical research for their roles in immune regulation and disease pathogenesis .
Diagnostic Tools: Interleukins serve as biomarkers for various diseases, aiding in diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression .
Therapeutic Strategies: Interleukins are used in therapeutic strategies, such as cancer immunotherapy and treatment of autoimmune diseases . For example, engineered cytokines from the IL-2 family have shown significant effects in tumor immunotherapy .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: Interleukins play essential roles throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease. They regulate hematopoiesis, immune responses, and inflammation . For instance, IL-5 regulates eosinophil proliferation and differentiation, while IL-1 is involved in inflammatory responses .
