Cytokines
Product List
TNFA Mouse, Sf9
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Mouse Recombinant, Sf9
TNFA Rat, His Active
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Rat Recombinant, His Tag Active
Recombinant Rat TNFA, produced in E. coli, is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain consisting of 181 amino acids (spanning positions 80-235). With a molecular mass of 19.9 kDa, this TNFA variant is expressed with a 25 amino acid His tag at the C-terminus and purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
TNFR2 Mouse
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type 2 Mouse Recombinant
TNFRSF10A Human Fc
TRAIL Receptor-1 Human Recombinant Fc
TNFRSF10B Human
TNF Ligand Receptor Superfamily Member 10B Human Recombinant
TNFRSF10B Human, Sf9
TNF Ligand Receptor Superfamily Member 10B Human Recombinant, Sf9
Sf9, Insect cells.
TNFRSF4 Mouse
TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 4 Mouse Recombinant
Recombinant TNFRSF4 from mice, produced in HEK293 cells, is a single-chain polypeptide with glycosylation. It encompasses amino acids 20 to 211, resulting in a protein of 435 amino acids with a molecular weight of 48.6 kDa. The TNFRSF4 protein is fused with a 243 amino acid hIgG-His tag at its C-terminus. Purification is achieved through proprietary chromatographic methods.
HEK293 cells.
TNFRSF6B Human
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 6b Human Recombinant
TNFRSF8 Human
CD30 Ligand Receptor Human Recombinant
TNFRSF8 igG-His Human
CD30 Ligand Receptor, IgG-His Tag Human Recombinant
Introduction
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) is a cytokine, a type of signaling protein involved in systemic inflammation and is part of the body’s immune response. TNF is primarily produced by activated macrophages, although it can also be produced by other cell types such as lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and neurons. TNF is classified into two main forms:
- TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): The most studied form, involved in systemic inflammation and acute phase reactions.
- TNF-β (Tumor Necrosis Factor-beta): Also known as lymphotoxin, it is produced by lymphocytes and has similar but distinct functions compared to TNF-α.
Key Biological Properties:
- Molecular Weight: TNF-α is a 17 kDa protein, while TNF-β is slightly larger.
- Structure: TNF-α is a trimeric protein, meaning it forms a complex of three identical subunits.
Expression Patterns:
- TNF-α: Expressed primarily by macrophages, but also by other immune cells such as T cells and natural killer cells.
- TNF-β: Expressed by activated lymphocytes.
Tissue Distribution:
- TNF is found in various tissues, including the spleen, liver, and adipose tissue. It is also present in the bloodstream during systemic inflammation.
Primary Biological Functions:
- Inflammation: TNF is a key mediator of inflammation, promoting the recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection or injury.
- Cell Death: TNF can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in certain cells, which is crucial for controlling infections and preventing cancer.
- Immune Response: TNF plays a role in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, enhancing the body’s ability to fight off pathogens.
Role in Immune Responses:
- Pathogen Recognition: TNF helps in recognizing and responding to pathogens by activating immune cells and promoting the production of other cytokines.
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells:
- Receptors: TNF exerts its effects by binding to two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are present on the surface of various cells.
- Binding Partners: TNF can interact with other cytokines and signaling molecules to amplify or modulate its effects.
Downstream Signaling Cascades:
- NF-κB Pathway: Activation of TNFR1 leads to the activation of the NF-κB pathway, which promotes the expression of genes involved in inflammation and cell survival.
- MAPK Pathway: TNF can also activate the MAPK pathway, leading to the production of inflammatory mediators.
Regulatory Mechanisms:
- Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of TNF is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level by various transcription factors, including NF-κB and AP-1.
- Post-Translational Modifications: TNF undergoes several post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation and cleavage, which can affect its activity and stability.
Biomedical Research:
- Disease Models: TNF is used in research to study inflammatory diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders.
Diagnostic Tools:
- Biomarkers: Elevated levels of TNF in the blood can serve as biomarkers for various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Therapeutic Strategies:
- Anti-TNF Therapies: Drugs that inhibit TNF, such as infliximab and etanercept, are used to treat conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and psoriasis.
Role Throughout the Life Cycle:
- Development: TNF is involved in embryonic development, particularly in the formation of the immune system.
- Aging: TNF levels can increase with age, contributing to age-related inflammation and diseases.
- Disease: Dysregulation of TNF is associated with various diseases, including chronic inflammatory conditions, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.
