Cytokines
Product List
Recombinant Rhesus Macaque Interleukin-13 protein (IL13) (Active)
Recombinant Rhesus Macaque IL13 is an active protein produced in E. coli. The target gene encoding amino acids 19-132 of IL13 is co-cloned into an expression vector and introduced into E. coli cells. These cells are cultured under optimal conditions for protein expression. Following cell lysis, recombinant IL13 is purified using affinity chromatography. Protein purity is assessed by SDS-PAGE, exceeding 98%. The endotoxin content is less than 1.0 EU/µg as determined by the LAL method. The functional integrity of IL13 is confirmed through a cell proliferation assay.
Rhesus Macaque IL13 plays a crucial role in immune responses, particularly in regulating type 2 immunity. It is associated with Th2-skewed responses and is linked to eosinophil levels in the lungs of challenged animals. Studies have demonstrated that IL13 levels in Rhesus macaques can influence the protective efficacy of vaccines, highlighting its role in modulating immune reactions [1].
Research has revealed the presence of an IL13+GATA3+ Th2 subset in Rhesus macaques, which expresses eicosanoid pathway enzymes. This subset is accompanied by IL1RL1+GATA3+ regulatory T cells and a minor proportion of IgE+ plasma cells, indicating a tightly regulated type 2 immunity in these animals [2].
In dermatological conditions like alopecia in Rhesus macaques, immune dysregulation characterized by a shift towards a Th2 phenotype and alterations in cytokine production, including IL13, have been observed. This immune dysregulation resembles that seen in human atopic dermatitis, emphasizing the relevance of IL13 in inflammatory responses and skin conditions in Rhesus macaques [3].
References:
[1] T. Morrison and E. Walsh, Subunit and virus-like particle vaccine approaches for respiratory syncytial virus,, p. 285-306, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38919-1_14
[2] X. Dopico, Maintenance of caecal homeostasis by diverse adaptive immune cells in the rhesus macaque, Clinical & Translational Immunology, vol. 13, no. 5, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/cti2.1508
[3] J. Kramer, M. Fahey, R. Santos, A. Carville, L. Wachtman, & K. Mansfield, Alopecia in rhesus macaques correlates with immunophenotypic alterations in dermal inflammatory infiltrates consistent with hypersensitivity etiology, Journal of Medical Primatology, vol. 39, no. 2, p. 112-122, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0684.2010.00402.x
Recombinant Mouse Interleukin-7 protein (Il7) (Active)
CUSABIO utilizes genetic engineering techniques to produce recombinant mouse interleukin-7 (IL7). The DNA sequence encoding amino acids 26-154 of the IL7 protein is inserted into a plasmid vector and then transformed into E. coli cells for protein expression. The E. coli cells serve as a biofactory for producing the IL7 protein. The recombinant mouse IL7 is purified from the cell lysate by affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis indicates a purity exceeding 96%. The endotoxin content is less than 1.0 EU/µg as determined by the LAL method. Biological activity of this mouse IL7 protein has been validated in a cell proliferation assay. Its ED50 is less than 0.2 ng/ml using murine 2E8 cells, corresponding to a specific activity of >5.0x106 IU/mg.
IL7 is a critical cytokine playing a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of B and T cells in mice. It has been recognized as a proliferation factor for B-cell progenitors. Research has shown that IL7 is essential for the survival of memory T lymphocytes and for promoting the clonal expansion of activated lymphocytes. Moreover, IL7 has been found to enhance the development of functional human T cells and boost thymic human T cell development. In mouse models, IL7 has been demonstrated to regulate the survival and generation of memory CD4 cells.
IL7 has also been associated with immune responses against cancer. It can enhance vaccine-induced antitumor immunity and improve mouse survival in tumor-bearing models by increasing the survival and cytolytic activity of activated T cells. Additionally, IL7 has been shown to induce the expansion and cytotoxic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in the presence of other cytokines like IL15.
References:
[1] D. Munfus, C. Haga, P. Burrows, & M. Cooper, A conserved gene family encodes transmembrane proteins with fibronectin, immunoglobulin and leucine-rich repeat domains (figler), BMC Biology, vol. 5, no. 1, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-5-36
[2] H. Uenishi, H. Hiraiwa, T. Sawazaki, S. Kiuchi, & H. Yasue, Genomic organization and assignment of the interleukin 7 gene (il7) to porcine chromosome 4q11→q13 by fish and by analysis of radiation hybrid panels, Cytogenetic and Genome Research, vol. 93, no. 1-2, p. 65-72, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1159/000056951
[3] E. Gerace, P. Pasquali, B. Oesch, M. Falduto, F. Mandanici, M. Fiasconaroet al., Stimulation of bovine whole-blood samples cultured in media supplemented with recombinant interleukin-7 (il-7) and il-12 extends the life span of the gamma interferon assay to detect mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 54, no. 9, p. 2315-2320, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00629-16
[4] E. Coppin, B. Sundarasetty, S. Rahmig, J. Blume, N. Verheyden, F. Bahlmannet al., Enhanced differentiation of functional human t cells in nsgw41 mice with tissue-specific expression of human interleukin-7, Leukemia, vol. 35, no. 12, p. 3561-3567, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-021-01259-5
[5] A. Lent, W. Dontje, M. Nagasawa, R. Siamari, A. Bakker, S. Pouwet al., Il-7 enhances thymic human t cell development in “human immune system” rag2−/−il-2rγc−/− mice without affecting peripheral t cell homeostasis, The Journal of Immunology, vol. 183, no. 12, p. 7645-7655, 2009. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0902019
[6] R. Kondrack, J. Harbertson, J. Tan, M. McBreen, C. Surh, & L. Bradley, Interleukin 7 regulates the survival and generation of memory cd4 cells, The Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 198, no. 12, p. 1797-1806, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20030735
[7] H. Jeong, S. Lee, H. Seo, & B. Kim, Recombinantmycobacterium smegmatisdelivering a fusion protein of human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) and il-7 exerts an anticancer effect by inducing an immune response against mif in a tumor-bearing mouse model, Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer, vol. 9, no. 8, p. e003180, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-003180
[8] A. Parmigiani, M. Pallin, H. Schmidtmayerova, M. Lichtenheld, & S. Pahwa, Interleukin-21 and cellular activation concurrently induce potent cytotoxic function and promote antiviral activity in human cd8 t cells, Human Immunology, vol. 72, no. 2, p. 115-123, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2010.10.015
Recombinant Mouse Interleukin-11 protein (Il11) (Active)
CSB-AP003361MO is a highly active recombinant mouse IL-11 protein. It's produced by expressing a vector containing the gene fragment encoding amino acids 22-199 of murine IL-11 in E. coli. Bioactivity is confirmed via a murine T11 cell proliferation assay, exhibiting an ED50 < 2 ng/ml, representing a specific activity > 5.0 x 105 IU/mg. SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrates purity exceeding 97%. Endotoxin levels are < 1.0 EU/µg, as determined by the LAL method.
Mouse IL-11, a cytokine belonging to the IL-6 family, plays a crucial role in diverse biological processes, including inflammation, tissue repair, and immune regulation. Primarily synthesized by activated fibroblasts and epithelial cells in response to inflammatory stimuli, IL-11 exerts its effects through the widely expressed IL-11 receptor found in tissues such as the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys [1, 2].
IL-11 significantly impacts hematopoiesis and immune responses. Studies show enhanced efficacy of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in aplastic anemia models, mediated by the modulation of signaling pathways promoting cell proliferation and survival [3]. Its involvement in autoimmune diseases like experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is also notable, where it regulates inflammatory processes and demyelination [4]. In reproductive biology, IL-11 is essential for female fertility, particularly during implantation, with its signaling crucial for decidualization in the mouse endometrium [5, 6]. Disruptions in this pathway can lead to infertility.
References:
[1] Widjaja, A., Shekeran, S., Adami, E., Goh, J., Tan, J., Sivakumar, V., et al. (2022). A neutralizing IL-11 antibody improves renal function and increases lifespan in a mouse model of Alport syndrome. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 33(4), 718-730. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2021040577
[2] Denis, C., Kwack, K., Saffaripour, S., Srinivas, M., André, P., Schaub, R., et al. (2001). Interleukin 11 significantly increases plasma von Willebrand factor and factor VIII in wild-type and von Willebrand disease mouse models. Blood, 97(2), 465-472. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v97.2.465
[3] Wang, Y., Niu, Z., Guo, Y., Wang, L., Lin, F., & Zhang, J. (2017). IL-11 promotes the treatment efficacy of hematopoietic stem cell transplant therapy in aplastic anemia model mice through a NF-κB/microRNA-204/thrombopoietin regulatory axis. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 49(12), e410. https://doi.org/10.1038/emm.2017.217
[4] Gurfein, B., Zhang, Y., López, C., Argaw, A., Zameer, A., Moran, T., et al. (2009). IL-11 regulates autoimmune demyelination. The Journal of Immunology, 183(7), 4229-4240. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0900622
[5] Dimitriadis, E., Robb, L., Yx, L., Enders, A., Martin, H., Stoikos, C., et al. (2003). Untitled. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 1(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-1-34
[6] Karpovich, N., Klemmt, P., Hwang, J., McVeigh, J., Heath, J., Barlow, D., et al. (2005). The production of interleukin-11 and decidualization are compromised in endometrial stromal cells derived from patients with infertility. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 90(3), 1607-1612. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0868
Introduction
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines, which are secreted proteins and signal molecules primarily produced by leukocytes (white blood cells). They play a crucial role in the immune system by mediating communication between cells . The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related proteins . Interleukins are classified based on their structure and function, with common families including IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-12 .
Key Biological Properties: Interleukins are biologically active glycoproteins derived primarily from activated lymphocytes and macrophages . They induce T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation, augment neutrophil, macrophage, and T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity, and promote B lymphocyte and multilineage bone marrow stem-cell precursor growth and differentiation .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: Interleukins are produced by various cell types, including immune cells like macrophages and lymphocytes . They are expressed in different tissues, such as the bone marrow, thymus, and other epithelial cells .
Primary Biological Functions: Interleukins modulate the growth, differentiation, and activation of immune cells during inflammatory and immune responses . They play a role in both innate and adaptive immune responses .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: Interleukins are involved in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis . They help coordinate the body’s response to infections, inflammation, and other immune challenges .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Interleukins interact with specific cell surface receptors to stimulate target cells . For example, IL-6 controls leucocyte recruitment, determines the activity and maintenance of the inflammatory infiltrate, and drives various innate and adaptive immune responses .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Interleukins bind to their respective receptors, triggering downstream signaling pathways such as the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways . These signaling cascades lead to various cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: The expression and activity of interleukins are regulated by complex molecular mechanisms. For example, IL-10 production is regulated by metabolic pathways and molecular signals downstream of the IL-10 receptor .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: Interleukins undergo transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications to ensure proper function. These modifications can include phosphorylation, glycosylation, and cleavage .
Biomedical Research: Interleukins are extensively studied in biomedical research for their roles in immune regulation and disease pathogenesis .
Diagnostic Tools: Interleukins serve as biomarkers for various diseases, aiding in diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression .
Therapeutic Strategies: Interleukins are used in therapeutic strategies, such as cancer immunotherapy and treatment of autoimmune diseases . For example, engineered cytokines from the IL-2 family have shown significant effects in tumor immunotherapy .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: Interleukins play essential roles throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease. They regulate hematopoiesis, immune responses, and inflammation . For instance, IL-5 regulates eosinophil proliferation and differentiation, while IL-1 is involved in inflammatory responses .
