Cytokines
Product List
TRAIL Human (114-281 a.a.)
TRAIL/APO 2 Ligand (114-281 a.a.) Human Recombinant
Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B protein (TNFRSF11B), partial (Active)
Recombinant Human TNFRSF11B protein, also known as Osteoprotegerin (OPG) or Osteoclastogenesis Inhibitory Factor (OCIF), is a crucial reagent for immunological research. Encoded by the TNFRSF11B gene, TNFRSF11B is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, playing vital roles in bone metabolism and immune regulation.
This protein is expressed in a yeast system and encompasses amino acids 22-201, representing a partial-length TNFRSF11B sequence. A C-terminal Fc-tag facilitates purification and enhances stability. With >95% purity and minimal endotoxin contamination, this TNFRSF11B protein ensures reliable and consistent experimental results.
Demonstrate its potent activity by neutralizing U937 cell stimulation with an ED50 of less than 10 ng/ml in the presence of soluble recombinant human RANKL (rHuRANKL). The lyophilized powder format ensures convenient handling and storage.
Recombinant Human Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B (TNFRSF10B),Partial (Active)
Our Recombinant Human TNFRSF10B protein is a valuable tool for cancer research, enabling exploration of its role as a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 10B. Also known as death receptor 5 (DR5), TRAIL receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2), or CD262, TNFRSF10B plays a crucial role in apoptotic signaling pathways, regulating cell death in various cancer types. Studying TNFRSF10B provides valuable insights into tumor biology and holds potential for the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
This Tag-Free recombinant protein is produced using a precise E. coli expression system, ensuring high purity (>97%, as determined by SDS-PAGE and HPLC) and minimal endotoxin contamination (<1.0 EU/µg). The protein encompasses amino acids 52 to 183, representing a partial length of the TNFRSF10B sequence, preserving its native structure for reliable and consistent experimental results.
Our recombinant protein exhibits full biological activity, as demonstrated by its ability to reduce TNF production induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in fresh human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This activity highlights its capacity to neutralize endogenous TRAIL. The lyophilized powder form ensures excellent stability and easy reconstitution for use in diverse experimental applications. Delve into the complex mechanisms underlying cancer progression and apoptotic signaling with our high-quality TNFRSF10B protein.
Introduction
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) is a cytokine, a type of signaling protein involved in systemic inflammation and is part of the body’s immune response. TNF is primarily produced by activated macrophages, although it can also be produced by other cell types such as lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and neurons. TNF is classified into two main forms:
- TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha): The most studied form, involved in systemic inflammation and acute phase reactions.
- TNF-β (Tumor Necrosis Factor-beta): Also known as lymphotoxin, it is produced by lymphocytes and has similar but distinct functions compared to TNF-α.
Key Biological Properties:
- Molecular Weight: TNF-α is a 17 kDa protein, while TNF-β is slightly larger.
- Structure: TNF-α is a trimeric protein, meaning it forms a complex of three identical subunits.
Expression Patterns:
- TNF-α: Expressed primarily by macrophages, but also by other immune cells such as T cells and natural killer cells.
- TNF-β: Expressed by activated lymphocytes.
Tissue Distribution:
- TNF is found in various tissues, including the spleen, liver, and adipose tissue. It is also present in the bloodstream during systemic inflammation.
Primary Biological Functions:
- Inflammation: TNF is a key mediator of inflammation, promoting the recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection or injury.
- Cell Death: TNF can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in certain cells, which is crucial for controlling infections and preventing cancer.
- Immune Response: TNF plays a role in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, enhancing the body’s ability to fight off pathogens.
Role in Immune Responses:
- Pathogen Recognition: TNF helps in recognizing and responding to pathogens by activating immune cells and promoting the production of other cytokines.
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells:
- Receptors: TNF exerts its effects by binding to two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are present on the surface of various cells.
- Binding Partners: TNF can interact with other cytokines and signaling molecules to amplify or modulate its effects.
Downstream Signaling Cascades:
- NF-κB Pathway: Activation of TNFR1 leads to the activation of the NF-κB pathway, which promotes the expression of genes involved in inflammation and cell survival.
- MAPK Pathway: TNF can also activate the MAPK pathway, leading to the production of inflammatory mediators.
Regulatory Mechanisms:
- Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of TNF is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level by various transcription factors, including NF-κB and AP-1.
- Post-Translational Modifications: TNF undergoes several post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation and cleavage, which can affect its activity and stability.
Biomedical Research:
- Disease Models: TNF is used in research to study inflammatory diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders.
Diagnostic Tools:
- Biomarkers: Elevated levels of TNF in the blood can serve as biomarkers for various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Therapeutic Strategies:
- Anti-TNF Therapies: Drugs that inhibit TNF, such as infliximab and etanercept, are used to treat conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, and psoriasis.
Role Throughout the Life Cycle:
- Development: TNF is involved in embryonic development, particularly in the formation of the immune system.
- Aging: TNF levels can increase with age, contributing to age-related inflammation and diseases.
- Disease: Dysregulation of TNF is associated with various diseases, including chronic inflammatory conditions, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.
