Cytokines
Product List
IL17E Mouse
Interleukin-17E Mouse Recombinant
IL17F Human
Interleukin 17F Human Recombinant
IL1A Human, His Active
Interleukin-1 alpha Human Recombinant, His Tag Active
Recombinant Human IL1A, expressed in E. coli, is a non-glycosylated polypeptide chain consisting of 197 amino acids (residues 113-271). This protein, with a molecular weight of 22.4 kDa, includes an N-terminal 38 amino acid His-tag and undergoes purification using proprietary chromatographic methods.
IL1A Mouse, Sf9
Interleukin-1 alpha Mouse Recombinant, Sf9
Recombinant Mouse IL1A, produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells, is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain comprising 165 amino acids (115-270a.a.). With a molecular weight of 19.0 kDa (appears as approximately 18-28 kDa on SDS-PAGE), this IL1A is expressed with a 9 amino acid His tag at the C-terminus and purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
IL 4 Human, His
Interleukin-4 Human Recombinant, His Tag
IL 4 Human, Yeast
Interleukin 4 Human Recombinant, Yeast
IL 6 Mouse, Sf9
Interleukin-6 Mouse Recombinant, Sf9
IL 6 Rat
Interleukin-6 Rat Recombinant
IL 9 Human
Interleukin-9 Human Recombinant
IL18RAP Human
Interleukin 18 Receptor Accessory Protein Human Recombinant
Sf9, Insect cells.
Introduction
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines, which are secreted proteins and signal molecules primarily produced by leukocytes (white blood cells). They play a crucial role in the immune system by mediating communication between cells . The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related proteins . Interleukins are classified based on their structure and function, with common families including IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-12 .
Key Biological Properties: Interleukins are biologically active glycoproteins derived primarily from activated lymphocytes and macrophages . They induce T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation, augment neutrophil, macrophage, and T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity, and promote B lymphocyte and multilineage bone marrow stem-cell precursor growth and differentiation .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: Interleukins are produced by various cell types, including immune cells like macrophages and lymphocytes . They are expressed in different tissues, such as the bone marrow, thymus, and other epithelial cells .
Primary Biological Functions: Interleukins modulate the growth, differentiation, and activation of immune cells during inflammatory and immune responses . They play a role in both innate and adaptive immune responses .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: Interleukins are involved in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis . They help coordinate the body’s response to infections, inflammation, and other immune challenges .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Interleukins interact with specific cell surface receptors to stimulate target cells . For example, IL-6 controls leucocyte recruitment, determines the activity and maintenance of the inflammatory infiltrate, and drives various innate and adaptive immune responses .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Interleukins bind to their respective receptors, triggering downstream signaling pathways such as the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways . These signaling cascades lead to various cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: The expression and activity of interleukins are regulated by complex molecular mechanisms. For example, IL-10 production is regulated by metabolic pathways and molecular signals downstream of the IL-10 receptor .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: Interleukins undergo transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications to ensure proper function. These modifications can include phosphorylation, glycosylation, and cleavage .
Biomedical Research: Interleukins are extensively studied in biomedical research for their roles in immune regulation and disease pathogenesis .
Diagnostic Tools: Interleukins serve as biomarkers for various diseases, aiding in diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression .
Therapeutic Strategies: Interleukins are used in therapeutic strategies, such as cancer immunotherapy and treatment of autoimmune diseases . For example, engineered cytokines from the IL-2 family have shown significant effects in tumor immunotherapy .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: Interleukins play essential roles throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease. They regulate hematopoiesis, immune responses, and inflammation . For instance, IL-5 regulates eosinophil proliferation and differentiation, while IL-1 is involved in inflammatory responses .
