Cytokines
Product List
IL19 Human, HEK
Interleukin-19 Human Recombinant, HEK
IL1A Canine
Interleukin-1 alpha Canine Recombinant
Produced in Sf9 insect cells using a baculovirus expression system, IL1A Canine is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain. It comprises 166 amino acids (residues 109-265) and has a molecular weight of 19.3 kDa. A 6-amino acid His tag is fused to the C-terminus of IL1A to facilitate purification, which is achieved through proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
IL1A Human, HEK
Interleukin-1 alpha Human Recombinant, HEK
IL2 Canine, His
Interleukin-2 Canine Recombinant, His Tag
IL2 Feline
Interleukin-2 Feline Recombinant
Recombinant Feline IL2, produced in E. coli, is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain. It consists of 157 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 17.8 kDa. This IL2 protein is modified with a 23 amino acid His-tag at the N-terminus to facilitate purification via specialized chromatographic techniques.
IL21 Canine
Interleukin-21 Canine Recombinant
Escherichia Coli.
IL21 Human, Sf9
Interleukin-21, Sf9 Human Recombinant
Recombinant human IL21, expressed in Sf9 insect cells, is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain consisting of 145 amino acids (residues 30-162). It has a molecular weight of 16.9 kDa. Note that the protein's molecular size on SDS-PAGE may appear between 18-28 kDa. The protein contains a 12 amino acid His tag at its C-terminus and is purified using proprietary chromatographic methods.
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
The product is a sterile-filtered, colorless solution.
IL 9 Human, Sf9
Interleukin-9 Human Recombinant, Sf9
IL 9 Mouse
Interleukin-9 Mouse Recombinant
IL 9 Rat
Interleukin-9 Rat Recombinant
Introduction
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines, which are secreted proteins and signal molecules primarily produced by leukocytes (white blood cells). They play a crucial role in the immune system by mediating communication between cells . The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related proteins . Interleukins are classified based on their structure and function, with common families including IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-12 .
Key Biological Properties: Interleukins are biologically active glycoproteins derived primarily from activated lymphocytes and macrophages . They induce T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation, augment neutrophil, macrophage, and T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity, and promote B lymphocyte and multilineage bone marrow stem-cell precursor growth and differentiation .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: Interleukins are produced by various cell types, including immune cells like macrophages and lymphocytes . They are expressed in different tissues, such as the bone marrow, thymus, and other epithelial cells .
Primary Biological Functions: Interleukins modulate the growth, differentiation, and activation of immune cells during inflammatory and immune responses . They play a role in both innate and adaptive immune responses .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: Interleukins are involved in the regulation of immune responses, inflammatory reactions, and hematopoiesis . They help coordinate the body’s response to infections, inflammation, and other immune challenges .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Interleukins interact with specific cell surface receptors to stimulate target cells . For example, IL-6 controls leucocyte recruitment, determines the activity and maintenance of the inflammatory infiltrate, and drives various innate and adaptive immune responses .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Interleukins bind to their respective receptors, triggering downstream signaling pathways such as the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathways . These signaling cascades lead to various cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: The expression and activity of interleukins are regulated by complex molecular mechanisms. For example, IL-10 production is regulated by metabolic pathways and molecular signals downstream of the IL-10 receptor .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: Interleukins undergo transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications to ensure proper function. These modifications can include phosphorylation, glycosylation, and cleavage .
Biomedical Research: Interleukins are extensively studied in biomedical research for their roles in immune regulation and disease pathogenesis .
Diagnostic Tools: Interleukins serve as biomarkers for various diseases, aiding in diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression .
Therapeutic Strategies: Interleukins are used in therapeutic strategies, such as cancer immunotherapy and treatment of autoimmune diseases . For example, engineered cytokines from the IL-2 family have shown significant effects in tumor immunotherapy .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: Interleukins play essential roles throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease. They regulate hematopoiesis, immune responses, and inflammation . For instance, IL-5 regulates eosinophil proliferation and differentiation, while IL-1 is involved in inflammatory responses .
