Enzymes
Product List
ADK Human, Active
Adenosine Kinase Human Recombinant, Active
Recombinant ADK, expressed in E. coli, is a single polypeptide chain devoid of glycosylation. It encompasses amino acids 22 to 362, resulting in a molecular weight of 40.5 kDa. The protein includes an N-terminal His-tag (21 amino acids) and is purified using proprietary chromatographic methods.
ADK Mouse
Adenosine Kinase Mouse Recombinant
This ADK protein is produced in E. coli and is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain. It consists of 384 amino acids (with the first 361 amino acids being the active protein) and has a molecular weight of 42.5kDa. A 23 amino acid His-tag is fused to the N-terminus to facilitate purification, which is carried out using proprietary chromatographic methods.
ADK Human
Adenosine Kinase Human Recombinant
AK1 Human
Adenylate Kinase 1 Human Recombinant
AK4 Human
Adenylate Kinase 4 Human Recombinant
AK5 Human
Adenylate Kinase 5 Human Recombinant
AK1 Mouse
Adenylate Kinase 1 Mouse Recombinant
AK2 Human
Adenylate Kinase 2 Human Recombinant
AK2 Mouse
Adenylate Kinase 2 Mouse Recombinant
AK3L1 Human
Adenylate Kinase-3 Like 1 Human Recombinant
Introduction
Adenylate kinase (AK), also known as ADK or myokinase, is a phosphotransferase enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of adenosine phosphates (ATP, ADP, and AMP). This enzyme plays a crucial role in cellular energy homeostasis by constantly monitoring phosphate nucleotide levels inside the cell . Adenylate kinase is classified under the enzyme commission number EC 2.7.4.3 .
Adenylate kinase is a small, usually monomeric enzyme found in all living organisms due to its essential role in energetic metabolism . There are nine human AK isoforms, each with distinct tissue distributions and subcellular localizations . For instance, AK1 is the most abundant cytosolic isozyme, while AK2 is primarily found in mitochondria . The expression patterns of these isoforms vary, with some being ubiquitous and others localized to specific tissues .
The primary function of adenylate kinase is to maintain cellular energy homeostasis by catalyzing the conversion of ATP and AMP to two molecules of ADP . This reaction is vital for energy transfer and regulation within cells. AK also plays a role in immune responses and pathogen recognition by integrating into the network of inflammatory modulators . Dysregulation or mutation of AK can lead to various medical conditions, highlighting its importance in maintaining cellular health .
Adenylate kinase interacts with other molecules and cells through its phosphotransferase activity. It binds to adenosine phosphates and catalyzes their interconversion, which is crucial for energy transfer and signaling within cells . AK also participates in downstream signaling cascades, such as the AK→AMP→AMPK pathway, which controls cell cycle and proliferation . This enzyme’s ability to shuttle ATP to sites of high energy consumption and remove AMP generated during reactions underscores its importance in cellular metabolism .
The expression and activity of adenylate kinase are regulated through various mechanisms. Transcriptional regulation ensures that AK isoforms are expressed in specific tissues and under certain conditions . Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, can modulate the enzyme’s activity and stability . Additionally, the intracellular localization of AK isoforms is controlled by targeting sequences within the protein .
Adenylate kinase has several applications in biomedical research, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic strategies. Its role in energy metabolism makes it a valuable target for studying metabolic diseases and developing new treatments . AK is also used as a biomarker for early diagnosis of various conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer . Furthermore, the enzyme’s ability to regulate energy homeostasis has potential therapeutic implications for conditions involving oxidative stress and inflammation .
Throughout the life cycle, adenylate kinase plays a critical role in development, aging, and disease. During development, AK is essential for cellular growth and differentiation by ensuring adequate energy supply . In aging, the enzyme helps maintain cellular energy balance, which is crucial for preventing age-related decline . Dysregulation of AK activity is associated with various diseases, including metabolic syndrome and neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting its importance in maintaining health throughout life .
