GLO1 Human

Glyoxalase-I Human Recombinant

Recombinant human Glyoxalase-I, expressed in E. coli, is a non-glycosylated polypeptide chain comprising 184 amino acids with a molecular weight of 20.7 kDa. The protein is purified to a high degree using proprietary chromatographic methods.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT23620
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
The product is a clear, colorless, and sterile-filtered solution.

GLO1 Human, Active

Glyoxalase-I Human Recombinant, Active

Recombinant human Glyoxalase-I, expressed in E. coli, is a single polypeptide chain protein. This non-glycosylated protein consists of 184 amino acids, resulting in a molecular weight of 20.7 kDa. The purification process involves proprietary chromatographic methods to ensure high purity.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT23683
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
The product appears as a clear, colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.

GLO1 Mouse

Glyoxalase-I Mouse Recombinant

This product is a recombinant mouse GLO1 protein produced in Sf9 insect cells using a baculovirus expression system. It is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain that consists of 192 amino acids (amino acids 1-184a.a.) and has a molecular weight of 21.8 kDa. Note that on SDS-PAGE, the apparent molecular size might appear between 28-40 kDa due to glycosylation. This recombinant GLO1 protein is engineered with an 8 amino acid His tag at the C-terminus to facilitate purification, which is achieved through proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT23758
Source
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
Appearance
Clear, colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.
Definition and Classification

The glyoxalase system is a set of enzymes responsible for the detoxification of methylglyoxal and other reactive aldehydes produced as byproducts of metabolism. This system is highly conserved across various organisms, including bacteria and eukaryotes . The glyoxalase system primarily consists of two enzymes: Glyoxalase I (GLO1) and Glyoxalase II (GLO2). In some bacteria, a third enzyme, Glyoxalase III (GLO3), is also present .

Biological Properties

Key Biological Properties: The glyoxalase system utilizes intracellular thiols, such as glutathione (GSH), to convert α-ketoaldehydes like methylglyoxal into D-hydroxyacids . This detoxification process is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis.

Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: Glyoxalase enzymes are ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, reflecting their essential role in cellular metabolism. The expression levels can vary depending on the tissue type and the organism’s metabolic state .

Biological Functions

Primary Biological Functions: The primary function of the glyoxalase system is to detoxify methylglyoxal, a cytotoxic byproduct of glycolysis. By converting methylglyoxal into D-lactate, the system prevents the accumulation of harmful metabolites .

Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: The glyoxalase system also plays a role in modulating immune responses. It helps in maintaining redox balance and preventing oxidative stress, which is crucial for proper immune function .

Modes of Action

Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: The glyoxalase system operates through a series of enzymatic reactions. GLO1 catalyzes the isomerization of hemithioacetal, formed spontaneously from methylglyoxal and GSH, into S-D-lactoylglutathione. GLO2 then hydrolyzes S-D-lactoylglutathione into D-lactate and regenerates GSH .

Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: The glyoxalase system interacts with various cellular components to maintain metabolic balance. It is involved in signaling pathways that regulate cellular stress responses and metabolic processes .

Regulatory Mechanisms

Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of glyoxalase enzymes is regulated at the transcriptional level by various factors, including stress signals and metabolic cues .

Post-Translational Modifications: Glyoxalase enzymes undergo post-translational modifications that can affect their activity and stability. These modifications include phosphorylation and acetylation, which modulate enzyme function in response to cellular conditions .

Applications

Biomedical Research: The glyoxalase system is a target for research in various diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Its role in detoxifying methylglyoxal makes it a potential therapeutic target .

Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies: Glyoxalase activity can be used as a biomarker for oxidative stress and metabolic disorders. Therapeutic strategies targeting glyoxalase enzymes are being explored for their potential to mitigate disease progression .

Role in the Life Cycle

From Development to Aging and Disease: The glyoxalase system plays a critical role throughout the life cycle. During development, it helps in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In aging, its activity can decline, leading to the accumulation of harmful metabolites. Dysregulation of the glyoxalase system is associated with various age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer .

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