Enzymes
Product List
PRKAR1A
cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase A regulatory subunit I a Recombinant
PKACa2-RIIa2
Protein Kinase A holoenzyme type II alpha Recombinant
PKAR-I alpha Human
Protein Kinase A regulatory subunit-1 alpha Human Recombinant
PKACa2- RIa2
Inactive Protein Kinase A holoenzyme type I alpha Recombinant
PKA-RII alpha
cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase A regulatory subunit-II A Recombinant
PRKACA Human
cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase A catalytic subunit α Human Recombinant
PRKACA Human, sf9
c-AMP dependant Protein Kinase A catalytic subunit alpha Human Recombinant, Sf9
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
Introduction
Protein Kinase-A (PKA), also known as cAMP-dependent protein kinase, is a family of serine-threonine kinases whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) . PKA plays a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes, including metabolism, gene expression, and cell cycle progression . It is classified into two main types based on its regulatory subunits: Type I (PKA-I) and Type II (PKA-II) .
Key Biological Properties: PKA is a tetrameric holoenzyme composed of two regulatory subunits and two catalytic subunits . The catalytic subunits contain the active site, while the regulatory subunits bind cAMP, leading to the activation of the catalytic subunits .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: PKA is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, with different isoforms showing distinct expression patterns . Type I PKA is primarily found in the cytosol, whereas Type II PKA is associated with cellular membranes, including the plasma membrane, nuclear membrane, and mitochondrial outer membrane .
Primary Biological Functions: PKA regulates a wide range of cellular functions, including glycogen, sugar, and lipid metabolism . It also plays a role in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: PKA is involved in modulating immune responses by phosphorylating various immune-related proteins and transcription factors . It also plays a role in pathogen recognition and the activation of immune cells .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: PKA exerts its effects by phosphorylating specific serine and threonine residues on target proteins . This phosphorylation can activate or inhibit the function of the target proteins, leading to various cellular responses .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: PKA interacts with multiple binding partners, including A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs), which localize PKA to specific cellular compartments . Upon activation, PKA phosphorylates downstream effectors such as CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein), leading to changes in gene expression .
Control of Expression and Activity: The activity of PKA is primarily regulated by the intracellular concentration of cAMP . When cAMP levels are low, the catalytic subunits are bound to the regulatory subunits and are inactive . Upon binding of cAMP to the regulatory subunits, the catalytic subunits are released and become active .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: PKA activity can also be modulated by transcriptional regulation of its subunits and post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation . These regulatory mechanisms ensure precise control of PKA activity in response to various cellular signals .
Biomedical Research: PKA is extensively studied in biomedical research due to its involvement in numerous cellular processes and diseases . It serves as a model for understanding kinase signaling and regulation .
Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies: PKA activity and expression levels are used as biomarkers for certain diseases . Additionally, targeting PKA signaling pathways has therapeutic potential for treating conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic disorders .
Development to Aging and Disease: PKA plays a critical role throughout the life cycle, from development to aging . During development, PKA regulates cell differentiation and tissue formation . In adulthood, it maintains cellular homeostasis and responds to various physiological stimuli . Dysregulation of PKA activity is associated with aging and the development of age-related diseases .
