ENO1 Human

Enolase-1 Human Recombinant

This product consists of the recombinant human ENO1 protein, produced in E. coli. This non-glycosylated protein is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 47.1kDa, encompassing amino acids 1 to 434.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT16508
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
A clear, sterile-filtered solution.

ENO2 Protein

Enolase-2 Human

Human Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) is a protein with a molecular mass of 45 kDa, produced in the human central nervous system (CNS).
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT16942
Source
Human CNS.
Appearance
Clear solution that has been sterilized by filtration.

ENO3 Human

Enolase-3 Human Recombinant

Recombinantly produced in E.coli, ENO3 Human is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain comprising 454 amino acids (specifically, residues 1-434). With a molecular weight of 49.0 kDa, it features a 20 amino acid His-tag at the N-terminus. Purification is achieved through proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT17033
Source
E.coli.
Appearance
A clear, colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.

ENO1 Mouse

Enolase-1 Mouse Recombinant

Recombinant Mouse ENO1, expressed in E. coli, is a non-glycosylated polypeptide chain consisting of 457 amino acids (residues 1-434). With a molecular weight of 24 kDa, it includes a 23 amino acid His-tag at the N-terminus. The protein is purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT16585
Source

Escherichia Coli.

Appearance
A clear, colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.

ENO2 Mouse

Enolase-2 Mouse Recombinant

Recombinant Mouse ENO2, expressed in E. coli, is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain. It consists of 457 amino acids (with amino acids 1-434 representing the ENO2 protein) and has a molecular weight of 49.7 kDa. The ENO2 protein is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at the N-terminus and is purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT16660
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
A clear, colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.

ENO2 Human

Enolase-2 Human Recombinant

Recombinant human ENO2, expressed in E. coli, consists of 434 amino acids and exhibits a molecular weight of 47 kDa. The purification of Enolase-2 is achieved using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT16740
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Clear, sterile-filtered solution.

ENO2 Human, His

Enolase-2 Human Recombinant, His Tag

Recombinant Human Neuron Specific Enolase is produced in E. coli. This protein encompasses amino acids 2-434 (of the full-length protein), fused to an N-terminal hexahistidine tag. The NSE protein undergoes purification using proprietary chromatographic methods.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT16852
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
A clear, sterile-filtered solution.
Definition and Classification

Enolase, also known as phosphopyruvate hydratase, is a metalloenzyme (EC 4.2.1.11) that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PG) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the ninth and penultimate step of glycolysis . Enolase belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds . There are three subunits of enolase in humans: α, β, and γ, each encoded by a separate gene that can combine to form five different isoenzymes: αα, αβ, αγ, ββ, and γγ .

Biological Properties

Enolase is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues and organisms capable of glycolysis or fermentation . The three isoforms of enolase have distinct expression patterns:

  • Enolase α (ENO1): Ubiquitous and found in a variety of tissues including liver, brain, kidney, spleen, and adipose .
  • Enolase β (ENO3): Muscle-specific and present at very high levels in muscle tissue .
  • Enolase γ (ENO2): Neuron-specific and expressed at high levels in neurons and neural tissues .
Biological Functions

Enolase plays a crucial role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis by catalyzing the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate . Beyond its enzymatic role, enolase has several “moonlighting” functions:

  • Hypoxia Tolerance: Enolase is involved in promoting anaerobic metabolism to protect cells from death under hypoxic conditions .
  • Tumor Suppression: Enolase has been implicated in tumor suppression and is involved in the regulation of tumor growth .
  • Immune Responses: Enolase acts as a plasminogen receptor on the cell surface, playing a role in immune responses and pathogen recognition .
Modes of Action

Enolase interacts with various molecules and cells through different mechanisms:

  • Plasminogen Binding: Enolase binds to plasminogen on the cell surface, facilitating its conversion to plasmin and contributing to tissue remodeling and immune responses .
  • DNA Binding: Enolase acts as a DNA-binding protein, participating in the regulation of genes governing cell growth and structural transformation .
  • Cytoskeletal Association: Enolase associates with the cytoskeleton, contributing to myogenesis and stress-induced contraction .
Regulatory Mechanisms

The expression and activity of enolase are regulated through various mechanisms:

  • Transcriptional Regulation: Enolase expression is regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) under hypoxic conditions .
  • Post-Translational Modifications: Enolase undergoes post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, which can influence its enzymatic activity and subcellular localization .
Applications

Enolase has several applications in biomedical research, diagnostics, and therapeutics:

  • Biomarker: Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is used as a biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases, brain damage, and certain types of cancer .
  • Diagnostic Tool: Elevated levels of NSE in body fluids can aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of small cell lung cancer, neuroblastoma, and other neuroendocrine tumors .
  • Therapeutic Strategies: Enolase inhibitors are being explored for their potential therapeutic benefits in treating neurodegenerative diseases and cancer .
Role in the Life Cycle

Enolase plays a vital role throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease:

  • Development: Enolase is essential for neuronal survival, differentiation, and maturation during neural development .
  • Aging: Enolase expression patterns change with aging, and its dysregulation is associated with age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s .
  • Disease: Enolase is involved in various pathological processes, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections .
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