PI3Kb Human

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase beta p110β/p85α Human Recombinant

Human Recombinant Phosphoinositide 3-kinase beta is a glycosylated protein. The p85a chain has a molecular weight of 83.5 kDa, while the p110b chain has a molecular weight of 124.3 kDa.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT1846
Source
Sf9 insect cells.
Appearance
This product comes in a sterile, liquid solution.

PI3Kd Human

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110d/p85a Human Recombinant

The class IA PI3Kd is primarily found in endothelial cells and white blood cells. Studies have shown that inactivating PI3Kd in bone marrow mast cells (BBMCs) can lead to several defects, including reduced stem cell factor-mediated proliferation, adhesion and migration, and impaired allergen-IgE induced degranulation and cytokine release. Additionally, research indicates that PI3Kd plays a role in TNFa-induced signaling in neutrophils, as evidenced by reduced Akt phosphorylation and PDK1 activity when treated with the d-specific inhibitor IC87114. This product features a GST-Tag on the catalytic subunit, making it suitable for GST pull-down assays. The heterodimer was purified using affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of the p110d chain is 120.2 kDa (excluding the Tag), and the p85a chain is 83.5 kDa.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT1939
Source
Sf9 insect cells.
Appearance
Sterile, filtered liquid.

PI3KγD946GST Human

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110γ inactive mutant Human Recombinant

The PI3KγD946GST protein is a catalytically inactive mutant of PI3Kγ with a D946A mutation in the ATP binding site. This recombinant catalytically inactive protein can be used as a negative control in any kind of PI3Kγ kinase activity studies. Recombinant full length PI3KgDA mutant (126.3 kDa without Tag) carries an N-terminal GST-Tag which facilitates the protein's application in typical GST pull-down assays.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT2066
Source
Sf9 insect cells.
Appearance
Sterile filtered liquid formulation.

p85a Bovine

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase a, regulatory subunit Bovine Recombinant

Recombinant Bovine Phosphoinositide 3-kinase subunit p85α has a molecular weight of 83.5 kDa.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT1682
Source
Leishmania tarentolae.
Appearance
Sterile filtered liquid solution.

PI3Ka Bovine

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha p110a/p85a Bovine Recombinant

The catalytic and regulatory subunits of PI3Ka are simultaneously produced in Sf9 insect cells. This recombinant bovine PI3Ka is a glycosylated protein. Its p85a chain has a molecular weight of 83.5 kDa, while the p110 chain weighs 124.3 kDa.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT1765
Source
Sf9 insect cells.
Appearance
The product is a sterile, filtered liquid.
Definition and Classification

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), also known as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, are a family of enzymes involved in various cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival, and intracellular trafficking . PI3Ks are capable of phosphorylating the 3’ position hydroxyl group of the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol . The PI3K family is divided into four classes based on primary structure, regulation, and in vitro lipid substrate specificity :

  • Class I: Catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate into phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate in vivo .
  • Class II: Involved in membrane trafficking and cellular signaling .
  • Class III: Plays a role in autophagy and endosomal trafficking .
  • Class IV: Less well-characterized but involved in various cellular processes .
Biological Properties

PI3Ks are heterodimeric molecules composed of a regulatory and a catalytic subunit . They are expressed in nearly all eukaryotic cells and are involved in key biological processes . The expression patterns and tissue distribution of PI3Ks vary among the different classes and isoforms . For example, Class I PI3Ks are activated by G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors . PI3Ks are spatially regulated and multifunctional, acting at nearly all membranes in the cell to regulate a wide range of signaling, membrane trafficking, and metabolic processes .

Biological Functions

PI3Ks play crucial roles in cell signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, division, migration, and survival . They are central modulators of different cellular signaling pathways and are involved in immune responses and pathogen recognition . For instance, PI3Kγ, a member of Class IB PI3Ks, is involved in the G-protein-dependent regulation of cell signaling in health and disease . PI3Ks also play a role in the activation of various immune cells .

Modes of Action

PI3Ks interact with other molecules and cells through various mechanisms . They are activated by cell surface receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors . Upon activation, PI3Ks phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol lipids, leading to the production of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate . This, in turn, recruits downstream signaling proteins with pleckstrin homology domains, such as Akt, to the cell membrane, initiating a cascade of intracellular signaling events . PI3Ks also interact with binding partners such as the p85 regulatory subunit, which stabilizes the catalytic p110 subunit in an inhibited state .

Regulatory Mechanisms

The expression and activity of PI3Ks are tightly regulated through various mechanisms . Transcriptional regulation involves the control of PI3K gene expression by transcription factors . Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination, also play a role in regulating PI3K activity . Non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, are crucial regulators of PI3K gene expression and are involved in the regulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway .

Applications

PI3Ks have significant applications in biomedical research, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic strategies . In cancer therapy, PI3K inhibitors are used to target the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which is often dysregulated in cancer . PI3K inhibitors are subdivided into dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, pan-PI3K inhibitors, and isoform-specific inhibitors . These inhibitors have shown promising results in clinical trials and are effective in inhibiting tumor progression . PI3Ks are also involved in the treatment of respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, by regulating inflammatory responses in the lung .

Role in the Life Cycle

PI3Ks play a vital role throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease . During development, PI3Ks are involved in cell growth, differentiation, and survival . In adulthood, they regulate various physiological processes, including metabolism and immune responses . Dysregulation of PI3K signaling is associated with aging and age-related diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders . PI3Ks also play a role in the progression and regression of atherosclerosis by regulating monocyte chemotaxis, macrophage migration, and intracellular lipid accumulation .

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