Enzymes
Product List
CKMT1 Human
Creatine Kinase Muscle Type-1 Human Recombinant
CKMT1A Human
Creatine Kinase, Mitochondrial 1A Human Recombinant
CKMT2 Human
Creatine Kinase, Mitochondrial 2 Human Recombinant
CKMT3 Human
Creatine Kinase Muscle Type-3 Human Recombinant
CKM Human, Native
Creatine Kinase Muscle Human
Human Creatine Kinase M-Type is a protein naturally found in the heart muscle of humans.
CKMB Human
Creatine Kinase MB Human Recombinant
Recombinant Human Creatine Kinase MB, expressed in E. coli, is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of approximately 44 kDa. The purification of CKMB is achieved using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
CKMB Human S.Chain
Creatine Kinase MB Single Chain Human Recombinant
Recombinant Human Creatine Kinase MB Single Chain, expressed in E. coli, is a non-glycosylated polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of approximately 44 kDa. It is purified using proprietary chromatographic methods.
CKMBITI Human
Creatine Kinase MB Isoenzyme Type-I Human Recombinant
CKMBITII Human
Creatine Kinase MB Isoenzyme Type-II Human Recombinant
CKB Human His
Creatine Kinase Brain Human Recombinant, His Tag
Introduction
Creatine kinases (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinases (CPK), are enzymes that catalyze the conversion of creatine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to phosphocreatine (PCr) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). This reversible reaction plays a crucial role in cellular energy homeostasis . CK enzymes are classified into three main isoenzymes based on their tissue distribution: CK-MM (muscle type), CK-BB (brain type), and CK-MB (hybrid type found in the heart) . Additionally, there are two mitochondrial isoforms: ubiquitous mitochondrial CK (u-mtCK) and sarcomeric mitochondrial CK (s-mtCK) .
Key Biological Properties: CK enzymes are essential for maintaining ATP levels in cells with high energy demands, such as muscle cells, brain cells, and spermatozoa . They facilitate the rapid regeneration of ATP from PCr, ensuring a constant energy supply .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: CK-MM is predominantly found in skeletal muscle, CK-BB in the brain and smooth muscle, and CK-MB in the myocardium (heart muscle) . Mitochondrial CK isoforms are present in tissues with high metabolic rates, such as the heart and skeletal muscle .
Primary Biological Functions: CK enzymes play a pivotal role in cellular energy metabolism by maintaining ATP homeostasis . They act as an energy buffer, storing and regenerating ATP as needed .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: Recent studies suggest that creatine metabolism, including CK activity, may influence immune cell function and pathogen recognition . CK enzymes help regulate energy supply during immune responses, supporting the high energy demands of activated immune cells .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: CK enzymes interact with various molecules, including ATP, ADP, and creatine, to facilitate the reversible transfer of a phosphoryl group . This interaction is crucial for maintaining cellular energy balance .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: CK enzymes bind to creatine and ATP to form phosphocreatine and ADP . This reaction is part of the phosphocreatine shuttle, which transports high-energy phosphate groups within cells . CK activity also influences downstream signaling pathways involved in energy metabolism and cellular stress responses .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: CK expression and activity are regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional and post-translational modifications . Transcription factors and signaling pathways modulate CK gene expression in response to cellular energy demands .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: CK genes are regulated by transcription factors that respond to changes in cellular energy status . Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, can also modulate CK enzyme activity and stability .
Biomedical Research: CK enzymes are widely studied in biomedical research for their role in energy metabolism and muscle physiology . They serve as biomarkers for muscle damage and cardiac events .
Diagnostic Tools: Elevated CK levels in the blood are used as diagnostic markers for conditions such as myocardial infarction, rhabdomyolysis, and muscular dystrophy . CK assays are commonly performed in clinical settings to assess tissue damage .
Therapeutic Strategies: Understanding CK function and regulation has potential therapeutic implications for metabolic disorders, muscle diseases, and cardiovascular conditions . Targeting CK pathways may offer new treatment approaches for these diseases .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: CK enzymes play a critical role in energy metabolism throughout the life cycle, from development to aging . During development, CK activity supports rapid cell growth and differentiation . In aging, CK function may decline, contributing to reduced muscle mass and strength .
Development to Aging and Disease: CK enzymes are essential for maintaining energy homeostasis during periods of high metabolic demand, such as growth, exercise, and stress . Dysregulation of CK activity is associated with various diseases, including muscular dystrophy, heart failure, and neurodegenerative disorders .
