GALE Human

UDP-Galactose-4-Epimerase Human Recombinant

Recombinant Human GALE, produced in E. coli, is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain consisting of 368 amino acids (specifically, amino acids 1-348). It has a molecular weight of 40.4 kDa. For purification, a 20 amino acid His-Tag is fused to the N-terminus of the GALE protein, and proprietary chromatographic techniques are employed.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT17538
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
A clear, colorless solution that has been sterilized through filtration.

MCEE Human

Methylmalonyl CoA Epimerase Human Recombinant

This product consists of the MCEE enzyme produced in E. coli bacteria. It is a single chain of 161 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 17.3 kDa. The enzyme is not glycosylated and has a His-tag attached to its N-terminus to aid in purification.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT17603
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
A clear solution that has been sterilized by filtration.

RPE Human

Ribulose-5-Phosphate-3-Epimerase Human Recombinant

This product consists of the recombinant human RPE enzyme, produced in E.coli. It is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 252 amino acids (amino acids 1-228 of the original sequence), with a molecular weight of 27.5kDa. A 24 amino acid His-tag is fused to the N-terminus to facilitate purification. The protein is purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT17657
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Clear solution, sterile filtered.
Definition and Classification

Epimerases are a subclass of isomerase enzymes that catalyze the inversion of stereochemistry at an asymmetric carbon atom in a substrate with multiple centers of asymmetry, thus interconverting epimers . They are classified under the EC 5.1 subclass, which also includes racemases . Some well-known epimerases include methylmalonyl-CoA epimerase and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase .

Biological Properties

Epimerases exhibit diverse biological properties and are found in animals, plants, and microorganisms . They play crucial roles in various metabolic pathways, such as the Leloir pathway, which involves the conversion of galactose to glucose-1-phosphate . The expression patterns and tissue distribution of epimerases vary widely, with some being highly specific to certain tissues or developmental stages .

Biological Functions

Epimerases are involved in essential metabolic processes, including carbohydrate metabolism and the biosynthesis of complex molecules . They play a role in immune responses and pathogen recognition by participating in the production of complex carbohydrate polymers used in cell walls and envelopes . For example, bacterial epimerases are potential therapeutic targets for treating bacterial infections .

Modes of Action

Epimerases operate through various mechanisms, including deprotonation/reprotonation, transient keto intermediates, and nucleotide elimination . They interact with other molecules and cells by binding to specific substrates and catalyzing stereochemical inversions . Downstream signaling cascades often involve changes in the stereochemistry of hydroxyl substituents, which are crucial for molecular recognition .

Regulatory Mechanisms

The expression and activity of epimerases are regulated through multiple mechanisms, including transcriptional regulation and post-translational modifications . For instance, the activity of UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase is regulated by feedback inhibition from CMP-Neu5Ac, an allosteric inhibitor . This regulation ensures the proper balance of sialic acid synthesis in vertebrates .

Applications

Epimerases have significant applications in biomedical research, diagnostic tools, and therapeutic strategies . They are used in the production of bioactive mono- and oligosaccharides, which have health-promoting properties . Additionally, microbial sugar epimerases are explored for their potential in manufacturing human health products .

Role in the Life Cycle

Epimerases play vital roles throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease . They are involved in critical metabolic pathways that support growth, development, and cellular function . Dysregulation of epimerase activity can lead to metabolic disorders and other health issues .

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