Enzymes
Product List
AICDA Human
Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Human Recombinant
AMPD2 Human
AMPD2 Human Recombinant
CDA Human
Cytidine Deaminase Human Recombinant
DCTD Human
dCMP Deaminase Human Recombinant
FTCD Human
Formiminotransferase Cyclodeaminase Human Recombinant
SDSL Human
Serine Dehydratase-Like Human Recombinant
ADA Human
Adenosine Deaminase Human Recombinant
ADAL Human
Adenosine Deaminase-Like Human Recombinant
ADAT1 Human
Adenosine Deaminase tRNA-Specific 1 Human Recombinant
ADAT2 Human
Adenosine Deaminase, tRNA-specific 2 Human Recombinant
Introduction
Deaminases are enzymes that catalyze the removal of an amino group from amino compounds, such as amino acids, through hydrolysis . They belong to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds . Deaminases can be classified based on their substrate specificity, such as adenosine deaminase (ADA), cytidine deaminase, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase .
Deaminases exhibit diverse biological properties depending on their type and source. For instance, ACC deaminase is widespread in various bacterial and fungal species and is inducible in the presence of its substrate ACC . Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is crucial for purine metabolism and is expressed in various tissues, including the immune system . The tissue distribution of deaminases varies, with some being ubiquitous and others more tissue-specific .
Deaminases play essential roles in various biological processes. ADA, for example, is vital for the development and maintenance of the immune system . ACC deaminase helps plants cope with biotic and abiotic stresses by reducing ethylene levels, which can inhibit plant growth . Deaminases are also involved in pathogen recognition and immune responses, contributing to the body’s defense mechanisms .
The modes of action of deaminases involve interactions with other molecules and cells. ACC deaminase, for instance, breaks down ACC into ammonia and α-ketobutyrate, which are further metabolized by bacteria . ADA catalyzes the deamination of adenosine to inosine, which is crucial for nucleotide metabolism . These enzymes often have specific binding partners and can initiate downstream signaling cascades that regulate various cellular processes .
The expression and activity of deaminases are tightly regulated. ACC deaminase synthesis is induced by its substrate ACC and regulated by environmental conditions . Transcriptional regulation involves regulatory genes such as LRP protein and other elements activated under different conditions . Post-translational modifications also play a role in modulating the activity of deaminases, ensuring they function appropriately in response to cellular needs .
Deaminases have significant applications in biomedical research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. ADA deficiency, for example, leads to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), and enzyme replacement therapy is a treatment option . ACC deaminase is used in agriculture to enhance plant growth under stress conditions . Cytidine deaminases are employed in gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR, to introduce specific mutations .
Deaminases play crucial roles throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease. ADA is essential for immune system development and function . ACC deaminase helps plants grow and adapt to environmental stresses, promoting survival and productivity . The activity of deaminases can also influence aging processes and the progression of diseases, highlighting their importance in maintaining cellular homeostasis .
