Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 Human Recombinant
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 Human Recombinant, Active
Recombinant Human Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1, His Tag
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 11 Human Recombinant
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 Human Recombinant, His-Tag
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 1 Human Recombinant
Produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells, MAP2K1 is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain composed of 402 amino acids (1-393a.a.) with a molecular mass of 44.5 kDa. Note that on SDS-PAGE, its molecular size appears between 40-57 kDa. This MAP2K1 protein is expressed with a 6-amino acid His tag at the C-terminus and purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 2 Human Recombinant
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 3 Human Recombinant
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 10 Human Recombinant
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 Human Recombinant
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) are a family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock, and proinflammatory cytokines . They regulate cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis . MAPKs are found exclusively in eukaryotes and are classified into three main subfamilies:
Key Biological Properties: MAPKs are involved in various cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival . They are activated by dual phosphorylation events and have a three-tiered pathway architecture .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: MAPKs are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells, including animals, fungi, plants, and unicellular eukaryotes . They are particularly abundant in tissues that are frequently exposed to stress, such as the skin, liver, and immune cells .
Primary Biological Functions: MAPKs play crucial roles in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival . They are also involved in immune responses and pathogen recognition by activating various transcriptional programs that lead to proinflammatory responses .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: MAPKs are essential for the activation of innate immune responses against invading microbial pathogens . They translocate into the nucleus and activate transcription factors that alter gene expression, leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: MAPKs interact with various molecules and cells through phosphorylation cascades. They are activated by upstream kinases (MAPKKKs and MAPKKs) and, in turn, phosphorylate downstream substrates .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: MAPKs bind to scaffolding proteins that organize the signaling complexes and ensure specificity in signal transduction . They activate a wide range of downstream signaling cascades that regulate gene expression, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: The activity of MAPKs is tightly regulated by phosphorylation of their activation loop, which can be modulated by positive and negative feedback mechanisms .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: MAPKs are regulated at the transcriptional level by various transcription factors. Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation, also play crucial roles in modulating their activity .
Biomedical Research: MAPKs are extensively studied in biomedical research for their roles in cell signaling and disease mechanisms .
Diagnostic Tools: MAPKs serve as biomarkers for various diseases, including cancer and inflammatory disorders .
Therapeutic Strategies: Targeting MAPK pathways has therapeutic potential in treating diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: MAPKs are involved in various stages of the life cycle, from development to aging and disease . They regulate embryogenesis, cell differentiation, and tissue homeostasis . Dysregulation of MAPK pathways is associated with aging and age-related diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration .