Enzymes
Product List
DCK Human
Deoxycytidine Kinase Human Recombinant
DTYMK Human
Deoxythymidylate Kinase Human Recombinant
DYRK1A Human
Dual-Specificity Tyrosine-(Y)-Phosphorylation Regulated 1A Human Recombinant
Ketohexokinase Human
Ketohexokinase Human Recombinant
KIT Human
KIT Proto-Oncogene Receptor Tyrosine Human Recombinant
Sf9, Baculovirus.
MAPK13 Human
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 13 Human Recombinant
IP6K2 Human
Inositol Hexakisphosphate Kinase 2 Human Recombinant
ITPK1 Human
Inositol-Tetrakisphosphate 1-Kinase Human Recombinant
JAK2 Human
Janus Kinase 2 Human Recombinant
PAK4 Human
p21 Activated Kinase 4 Human Recombinant
Introduction
Protein kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates, a process known as phosphorylation . This modification typically results in a functional change of the target protein by altering its enzyme activity, cellular location, or interaction with other proteins . Protein kinases are classified into several groups based on the amino acid residue they phosphorylate: serine/threonine kinases, tyrosine kinases, and dual-specificity kinases .
Protein kinases are key regulators of cell function and are involved in almost all cellular processes . They are expressed in various patterns and distributed across different tissues. For instance, serine/threonine kinases are widely distributed and play roles in processes such as cell division and metabolism . Tyrosine kinases are often involved in signaling pathways that regulate cell growth and differentiation . The human genome contains about 500 protein kinase genes, constituting approximately 2% of all human genes .
Protein kinases play crucial roles in regulating cellular processes such as cell division, metabolism, transcription, differentiation, and apoptosis . They are also involved in immune responses and pathogen recognition. For example, certain kinases are activated in response to pathogens and help coordinate the immune response by modulating the activity of immune cells .
Protein kinases function by transferring a phosphate group from ATP to specific amino acids in their substrate proteins . This phosphorylation can activate or deactivate the substrate protein, alter its interaction with other molecules, or change its cellular location . Kinases often work in signaling cascades, where one kinase activates another, leading to a chain reaction that amplifies the signal and results in a specific cellular response .
The activity of protein kinases is tightly regulated by various mechanisms, including transcriptional regulation, post-translational modifications, and interactions with other proteins . For instance, kinases can be activated or inhibited by phosphorylation, binding to regulatory proteins, or changes in their cellular localization . These regulatory mechanisms ensure that kinases are activated only in response to specific signals and that their activity is precisely controlled .
Protein kinases are important targets in biomedical research and have applications in diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies . Kinase inhibitors are used to treat various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory disorders . For example, tyrosine kinase inhibitors are used to treat certain types of leukemia and other cancers . Additionally, kinases are used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis .
Protein kinases play essential roles throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease . During development, kinases regulate processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue formation . In adulthood, they continue to regulate cellular functions and maintain homeostasis . Dysregulation of kinase activity can lead to various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases .
