Enzymes
Product List
PTGES3 Human
Prostaglandin E Synthase 3 Human Recombinant
PTPS Human
6-Pyruvoyltetrahydropterin Synthase Human Recombinant
TSTA3 Human
Tissue Specific Transplantation Antigen P35B Human Recombinant
UROS Human
Uroporphyrinogen III Synthase Human Recombinant
Uroporphyrinogen III synthase (UROS) derived from E. coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain comprising 285 amino acids (specifically, amino acids 1 to 265). This protein has a molecular weight of 30.7 kDa. Notably, a 20 amino acid His-tag is fused to the N-terminus of the UROS protein, and its purification is achieved through proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Introduction
Synthase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of molecules in biological systems. Unlike synthetases, synthases do not require energy from nucleoside triphosphates like ATP . Synthases are classified based on the type of reaction they catalyze, such as ATP synthase, citrate synthase, and fatty acid synthase .
Synthases exhibit diverse biological properties depending on their specific type and function. For instance, ATP synthase is ubiquitous across all life forms and is essential for ATP production . Expression patterns and tissue distribution vary; for example, ATP synthase is found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacterial plasma membranes . Other synthases, like nitric oxide synthase, have specific expression patterns in neuronal, endothelial, and immune cells .
The primary function of synthases is to facilitate the synthesis of complex molecules. ATP synthase, for example, is crucial for producing ATP, the main energy currency of cells . Synthases also play roles in immune responses and pathogen recognition. Nitric oxide synthase, for instance, produces nitric oxide, a signaling molecule involved in immune responses and vasodilation .
Synthases operate through various mechanisms. ATP synthase, for example, uses a proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate . This process involves the movement of protons through the enzyme, which acts as a rotary motor . Nitric oxide synthase, on the other hand, catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine to nitric oxide and L-citrulline, involving multiple cofactors and binding partners .
The activity and expression of synthases are tightly regulated. ATP synthase activity is regulated by the availability of ADP and inorganic phosphate, as well as the proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane . Nitric oxide synthase is regulated at the transcriptional level by various cytokines and growth factors, and its activity is modulated by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation .
Synthases have numerous applications in biomedical research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. ATP synthase inhibitors are being explored as potential treatments for cancer and infectious diseases . Nitric oxide synthase is a target for drugs aimed at treating cardiovascular diseases and inflammatory conditions . Synthases are also used as biomarkers in diagnostic assays for various diseases .
Synthases play critical roles throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease. ATP synthase is essential for energy production in all stages of life . Dysregulation of synthase activity is associated with various diseases, including metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer . Nitric oxide synthase, for example, is involved in developmental processes, immune responses, and aging .
