Enzymes
Product List
PAICS Human
Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole Carboxylase Human Recombinant
PPCS Human
Phosphopantothenoylcysteine Synthetase Human Recombinant
DARS Human
Aspartyl-tRNA Synthetase Human Recombinant
FARSB Human
Phenylalanyl-TRNA Synthetase Beta Human Recombinant
GARS Human
Glycyl-TRNA Synthetase Human Recombinant
GARS Human, sf9
Glycyl-TRNA Synthetase Human Recombinant, sf9
HARS Human, Sf9
Histidyl-tRNA Synthetase Human Recombinant, Sf9
KARS Human
Lysyl-tRNA Synthetase Human Recombinant
MTHFS Human
5,10-Methenyltetrahydrofolate Synthetase Human Recombinant
NARS Human
Asparaginyl-TRNA Synthetase Human Recombinant
Introduction
Synthetases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, typically using energy derived from ATP. They are also known as ligases. Synthetases are classified based on the type of reaction they catalyze and the substrates they act upon. Major classes include aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis, and fatty acid synthetases, involved in lipid metabolism.
Key Biological Properties: Synthetases are essential for various biosynthetic pathways. They exhibit high substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency. Expression Patterns: The expression of synthetases is tightly regulated and varies across different tissues and developmental stages. Tissue Distribution: Synthetases are ubiquitously expressed but are particularly abundant in tissues with high metabolic activity, such as the liver, muscle, and brain.
Primary Biological Functions: Synthetases are involved in the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other macromolecules. They are critical for cellular growth, division, and maintenance. Role in Immune Responses: Certain synthetases, like aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, have been implicated in immune responses by modulating the production of cytokines and other immune mediators. Pathogen Recognition: Some synthetases can recognize and respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), contributing to the innate immune response.
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Synthetases interact with various substrates and cofactors to catalyze the formation of complex molecules. For example, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases bind to tRNA and amino acids to form aminoacyl-tRNA. Binding Partners: Synthetases often form complexes with other proteins to enhance their catalytic activity and ensure substrate specificity. Downstream Signaling Cascades: The products of synthetase-catalyzed reactions can act as signaling molecules, influencing various cellular pathways and processes.
Expression and Activity Control: The expression of synthetases is regulated at the transcriptional level by various transcription factors and signaling pathways. Transcriptional Regulation: Specific promoter regions and enhancers control the transcription of synthetase genes in response to cellular and environmental cues. Post-Translational Modifications: Synthetases undergo various post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination, which modulate their activity, stability, and interactions with other proteins.
Biomedical Research: Synthetases are used as tools to study protein synthesis, metabolic pathways, and enzyme kinetics. Diagnostic Tools: Abnormal levels of certain synthetases can serve as biomarkers for diseases, such as cancer and metabolic disorders. Therapeutic Strategies: Targeting synthetases with specific inhibitors or activators holds potential for treating various diseases, including infections, cancer, and genetic disorders.
Development: Synthetases are essential for embryonic development, as they provide the necessary building blocks for cell growth and differentiation. Aging: The activity of synthetases can decline with age, leading to reduced cellular function and increased susceptibility to diseases. Disease: Dysregulation of synthetase activity is associated with various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic syndromes, and cancer.
