Recombinant Proteins
Product List
ARL2 Human
ADP-Ribosylation Factor-Like 2 Human Recombinant
ARL9 Human
ADP-Ribosylation Factor-Like 9 Human Recombinant
ARL15 Human
ADP-Ribosylation Factor-Like 15 Human Recombinant
ARFIP1 341 a.a. Human
ADP-Ribosylation Factor Interacting Protein 1 341 a.a Human Recombinant
ARFIP1 Human
ADP-Ribosylation Factor Interacting Protein 1 Human Recombinant
ARFIP2 Human
ADP-Ribosylation Factor Interacting Protein 2 Human Recombinant
ARL1 Human
ADP-Ribosylation Factor-Like 1 Human Recombinant
ARL4D Human
ADP-Ribosylation Factor-Like 4D Human Recombinant
ARL5A Human
ADP-Ribosylation Factor-Like 5A Human Recombinant
ARL5B Human
ADP-Ribosylation Factor-Like 5B Human Recombinant
Introduction
ADP-Ribosylation Factors (ARFs) are small GTP-binding proteins that belong to the Ras superfamily. They play a crucial role in regulating vesicular traffic and actin remodeling. ARFs are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells, with six highly conserved members identified in mammalian cells . These proteins cycle between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound forms, binding selectively to effectors .
Key Biological Properties: ARFs are involved in various cellular processes, including vesicle biogenesis and intracellular traffic . They are generally associated with membranes due to N-terminus myristoylation .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: ARFs are expressed ubiquitously across different tissues. They are particularly abundant in tissues with high vesicular traffic activity, such as the Golgi apparatus .
Primary Biological Functions: ARFs regulate membrane trafficking pathways, including secretion, endocytosis, and phagocytosis . They also play a role in cell adhesion and tumor-cell invasion .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: ARFs are involved in immune responses by regulating the trafficking of immune receptors and signaling molecules .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: ARFs interact with various proteins, including coat proteins and lipid-modifying enzymes . They function as regulatory subunits controlling coat assembly in vesicles .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: ARFs bind to guanosine nucleotides (GTP and GDP) and undergo conformational changes that propagate structural information . These changes affect downstream signaling pathways involved in vesicle formation and trafficking .
Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Expression and Activity: ARFs are regulated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs), which facilitate the exchange of GDP for GTP . Post-translational modifications, such as myristoylation, also play a role in their regulation .
Transcriptional Regulation and Post-Translational Modifications: ARFs undergo various post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation and ubiquitination, which modulate their activity and stability .
Biomedical Research: ARFs are studied for their role in vesicular trafficking and their potential involvement in diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration .
Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies: ARFs are potential targets for therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating vesicular traffic in disease conditions .
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: ARFs are involved in various stages of the cellular life cycle, from development to aging . They play a role in DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, and cell cycle control . Dysregulation of ARF activity has been linked to diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration .
