Recombinant Proteins

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Product List

RARRES1 Human

Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 1 Human Recombinant

RARRES1 Human Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 275 amino acids (43-294) and having a molecular mass of 31.3 kDa.
RARRES1 is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT14913
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Sterile Filtered colorless solution.

RARRES2 Human

Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 2 Human Recombinant

RARRES2 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 138 amino acids and having a total molecular mass of 16 kDa. RARRES2 Human Recombinant is purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT14971
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder.

RARRES2 Human, HEK

Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 2 Human Recombinant, HEK

RARRES2 produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain (21-157 a.a.) and fused to a 6 aa His Tag at C-terminus containing a total of 143 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 16.6kDa.

RARRES2 shows multiple bands between 13.5-18kDa on SDS-PAGE, reducing conditions and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.

Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT15023
Source

HEK293.

Appearance
Sterile Filtered colorless solution.

RARRES2 Human, His

Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 2 Human Recombinant, His Tag

RARRES2 Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 158 amino acids (21-157a.a) and having a total molecular mass of 18 kDa.
RARRES2 is fused to a 21 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT15114
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Sterile Filtered colorless solution.

RARRES2 Human, Sf9

Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 2 Human Recombinant, Sf9

RARRES2 produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 146 amino acids (21-157a.a.) and having a molecular mass of 16.9kDa. (Molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear at approximately 18-28kDa).
RARRES2 is expressed with a 6 amino acid His tag at C-Terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT15209
Source

Sf9, Baculovirus cells.

Appearance
Sterile Filtered colorless solution.

Introduction

Definition and Classification

Retinoic Acid Receptor Responders (RARs) are a class of nuclear receptors that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. They are activated by retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, and play a crucial role in regulating gene expression. RARs are classified into three subtypes: RAR-alpha, RAR-beta, and RAR-gamma, each encoded by separate genes (RARA, RARB, and RARG) .

Biological Properties

Key Biological Properties: RARs are essential for various biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. They function as heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and regulate gene networks by binding to specific DNA sequences known as retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) .

Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: RARs are ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, with distinct expression patterns for each subtype. RAR-alpha is predominantly found in the liver, lungs, and kidneys, while RAR-beta is highly expressed in the central nervous system and the skin. RAR-gamma is mainly present in the skin, skeletal muscle, and the immune system .

Biological Functions

Primary Biological Functions: RARs are involved in numerous physiological processes, including embryonic development, vision, immune responses, and homeostasis. They play a pivotal role in the differentiation of various cell types and the maintenance of tissue integrity .

Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: RARs modulate immune responses by regulating the expression of genes involved in inflammation and pathogen recognition. They influence the activity of immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, thereby contributing to the body’s defense mechanisms against infections .

Modes of Action

Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: RARs function through ligand-dependent and ligand-independent mechanisms. Upon binding to retinoic acid, RARs undergo conformational changes that facilitate the release of corepressors and the recruitment of coactivators. This process leads to chromatin remodeling and the transcription of target genes .

Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: RARs form heterodimers with RXRs, and this complex binds to RAREs in the promoter regions of target genes. The activation of RARs triggers downstream signaling cascades that regulate gene expression, influencing cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis .

Regulatory Mechanisms

Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of RAR genes is tightly regulated by various transcription factors and epigenetic modifications. Promoter methylation and histone acetylation are key mechanisms that control the transcriptional activity of RARs .

Post-Translational Modifications: RARs undergo several post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation. These modifications influence the stability, localization, and activity of RARs, thereby modulating their biological functions .

Applications

Biomedical Research: RARs are extensively studied in biomedical research due to their involvement in various physiological and pathological processes. They serve as valuable models for understanding the mechanisms of gene regulation and the development of therapeutic strategies .

Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies: RARs are potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as cancer, skin disorders, and immune-related conditions. Retinoic acid and its analogs are used in therapies for acute promyelocytic leukemia, psoriasis, and acne .

Role in the Life Cycle

Development to Aging and Disease: RARs play a critical role throughout the life cycle, from embryonic development to aging. During development, they regulate the formation and differentiation of tissues and organs. In adulthood, RARs maintain tissue homeostasis and modulate immune responses. Dysregulation of RAR signaling is associated with various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic syndromes .

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