Recombinant Proteins
Product List
RARRES1 Human
Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 1 Human Recombinant
RARRES2 Human
Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 2 Human Recombinant
RARRES2 Human, HEK
Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 2 Human Recombinant, HEK
This part details the characteristics of the produced RARRES2 Human, HEK. It should specify the expression system, molecular weight, tag information, and observed SDS-PAGE profile.
HEK293.
Describe the visual appearance of the RARRES2 Human, HEK solution, typically a clear and colorless solution.
RARRES2 Human, His
Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 2 Human Recombinant, His Tag
RARRES2 Human, Sf9
Retinoic Acid Receptor Responder 2 Human Recombinant, Sf9
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
Introduction
Retinoic Acid Receptor Responders (RARs) are a class of nuclear receptors that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. They are activated by retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, and play a crucial role in regulating gene expression. RARs are classified into three subtypes: RAR-alpha, RAR-beta, and RAR-gamma, each encoded by separate genes (RARA, RARB, and RARG) .
Key Biological Properties: RARs are essential for various biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. They function as heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and regulate gene networks by binding to specific DNA sequences known as retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) .
Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: RARs are ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, with distinct expression patterns for each subtype. RAR-alpha is predominantly found in the liver, lungs, and kidneys, while RAR-beta is highly expressed in the central nervous system and the skin. RAR-gamma is mainly present in the skin, skeletal muscle, and the immune system .
Primary Biological Functions: RARs are involved in numerous physiological processes, including embryonic development, vision, immune responses, and homeostasis. They play a pivotal role in the differentiation of various cell types and the maintenance of tissue integrity .
Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: RARs modulate immune responses by regulating the expression of genes involved in inflammation and pathogen recognition. They influence the activity of immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, thereby contributing to the body’s defense mechanisms against infections .
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: RARs function through ligand-dependent and ligand-independent mechanisms. Upon binding to retinoic acid, RARs undergo conformational changes that facilitate the release of corepressors and the recruitment of coactivators. This process leads to chromatin remodeling and the transcription of target genes .
Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: RARs form heterodimers with RXRs, and this complex binds to RAREs in the promoter regions of target genes. The activation of RARs triggers downstream signaling cascades that regulate gene expression, influencing cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis .
Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of RAR genes is tightly regulated by various transcription factors and epigenetic modifications. Promoter methylation and histone acetylation are key mechanisms that control the transcriptional activity of RARs .
Post-Translational Modifications: RARs undergo several post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation. These modifications influence the stability, localization, and activity of RARs, thereby modulating their biological functions .
Biomedical Research: RARs are extensively studied in biomedical research due to their involvement in various physiological and pathological processes. They serve as valuable models for understanding the mechanisms of gene regulation and the development of therapeutic strategies .
Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies: RARs are potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases such as cancer, skin disorders, and immune-related conditions. Retinoic acid and its analogs are used in therapies for acute promyelocytic leukemia, psoriasis, and acne .
Development to Aging and Disease: RARs play a critical role throughout the life cycle, from embryonic development to aging. During development, they regulate the formation and differentiation of tissues and organs. In adulthood, RARs maintain tissue homeostasis and modulate immune responses. Dysregulation of RAR signaling is associated with various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic syndromes .
