Recombinant Proteins

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B2M Human

Beta-2 Microglobulin Human

This product consists of Human Beta-2 Microglobulin, with a molecular weight of 12 kDa. It is derived from the urine of human patients diagnosed with tubular proteinuria.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT26353
Source
Human urine from patients with tubular proteinuria.
Appearance
White powder, sterile filtered, and freeze-dried.

B2M Human Recombinant

Beta 2 Microglobulin Human Recombinant

Recombinant Human B2 Microglobulin, produced in E. coli, is a non-glycosylated polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 11.76 kDa. Purification is achieved using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT26442
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized powder.

B2M Human, His

Beta 2 Microglobulin Human Recombinant, His Tag

Recombinant Human B2M, produced in E. coli, is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain comprising 120 amino acids (21-119 a.a.) with a molecular mass of 14 kDa. The B2M is fused to a 21 amino acid His-Tag at the N-terminus and purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT26513
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Clear, colorless, and sterile-filtered solution.
Definition and Classification

Beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) is a low molecular weight protein (11.8 kDa) that forms the light chain of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules . It is present on the surface of nearly all nucleated cells and plays a crucial role in the immune system by presenting peptide antigens to cytotoxic T cells .

Biological Properties

Key Biological Properties: B2M is a component of MHC class I molecules, which are essential for immune surveillance . It is synthesized and shed by cells into the blood, particularly by B-lymphocytes and tumor cells .

Expression Patterns: B2M is expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells, excluding red blood cells . It is also found in various bodily fluids, including serum, urine, and synovial fluid .

Tissue Distribution: B2M is ubiquitously distributed across different tissues, with higher concentrations in lymphoid tissues due to its association with immune cells .

Biological Functions

Primary Biological Functions: B2M is critical for the stability and function of MHC class I molecules, which present endogenous peptides to CD8+ T cells, facilitating immune responses . It also plays a role in the regulation of iron metabolism by interacting with the HFE protein .

Role in Immune Responses: B2M is involved in antigen presentation, a process essential for the recognition and elimination of infected or malignant cells by the immune system .

Pathogen Recognition: B2M contributes to the immune system’s ability to recognize and respond to pathogens by stabilizing MHC class I molecules, which display pathogen-derived peptides on the cell surface .

Modes of Action

Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: B2M interacts with the alpha chain of MHC class I molecules, forming a stable complex that is essential for antigen presentation . It also associates with other class I-like molecules such as CD1 and the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) .

Binding Partners: B2M binds to the alpha chain of MHC class I molecules and other class I-like molecules, stabilizing their structure and function .

Downstream Signaling Cascades: The interaction of B2M with MHC class I molecules triggers downstream signaling pathways that activate cytotoxic T cells, leading to the destruction of infected or malignant cells .

Regulatory Mechanisms

Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of B2M is regulated at the transcriptional level by various cytokines, including interferon-alpha (IFN-α), which enhances its production .

Post-Translational Modifications: B2M undergoes post-translational modifications, including glycosylation, which can affect its stability and function .

Applications

Biomedical Research: B2M is used as a biomarker in research studies to understand its role in various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders .

Diagnostic Tools: Elevated levels of B2M in serum or urine can serve as a diagnostic marker for certain cancers, such as multiple myeloma and lymphomas, as well as renal dysfunction .

Therapeutic Strategies: Targeting B2M or its signaling pathways has potential therapeutic applications in treating diseases where B2M is dysregulated, such as cancer and autoimmune diseases .

Role in the Life Cycle

Development: B2M is essential for the development of the immune system, particularly for the maturation of CD8+ T cells .

Aging: The levels of B2M can increase with age, and its accumulation has been associated with age-related diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease .

Disease: Dysregulation of B2M is implicated in various diseases, including cancers, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases . It can also form amyloid deposits in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis, leading to dialysis-related amyloidosis .

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