Recombinant Proteins

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DKK1 Human

Dickkopf-Related Protein 1 Human Recombinant

Recombinant human DKK1, produced in E. coli, is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain. It consists of 258 amino acids (32-266 a.a), has a molecular weight of 28.2 kDa, and includes a 23 amino acid His-tag at the N-terminus. The protein is purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT30153
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
A clear, sterile-filtered solution.

DKK2 Human

Dickkopf-Related Protein 2 Human Recombinant

Recombinant human DKK2, produced in E. coli, is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of 27.6 kDa. It consists of 250 amino acids (residues 34-259) and includes a 24 amino acid His-tag at the N-terminus. Purification is achieved through proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT30437
Source
E.coli.
Appearance
A clear, sterile solution.

DKK3 Human

Dickkopf-Related Protein 3 Human Recombinant

Recombinant Human DKK3, expressed in E. coli, is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 38.8 kDa. This protein comprises 353 amino acids (residues 22-350), including a 24-amino acid His-tag fused at the N-terminus. Purification is achieved using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT30467
Source
E.coli.
Appearance
A clear, colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.

DKK3 Human, HEK

Dickkopf-Related Protein 3 Human Recombinant, HEK

Recombinant Human DKK3 is a single polypeptide chain consisting of 337 amino acids (22-350). It is engineered with an 8-amino acid His-tag fused to the C-terminus and purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT30495
Source
HEK293 cells.
Appearance
Sterile Filtered White lyophilized powder.

DKK3 Human, Sf9

Dickkopf-Related Protein 3 Human Recombinant, Sf9

Recombinant Human DKK3, produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells, is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain. This protein comprises 338 amino acids (22-350a.a.), resulting in a molecular mass of 37.3 kDa. However, on SDS-PAGE, the molecular size appears between 40-57 kDa. DKK3 is expressed with a 6-amino acid His tag at the C-terminus and purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT30526
Source

Sf9, Baculovirus cells.

Appearance
The product is a clear, colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.

DKK1 Human Sf9

Dickkopf-Related Protein 1 Human Recombinant, Sf9

Produced in Sf9 insect cells using a baculovirus expression system, DKK1 is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain. It consists of 253 amino acids (residues 32-266), resulting in a molecular mass of 27.8 kDa. However, on SDS-PAGE, it appears at approximately 40 kDa due to glycosylation. This recombinant DKK1 protein is expressed with a 15 amino acid His tag at the C-terminus and purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT30280
Source
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
Appearance
A clear, colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.

DKK1 Mouse

Dickkopf-Related Protein 1 Mouse Recombinant

Recombinant DKK1 Mouse, produced in HEK293 cells, is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of 26.9kDa. It encompasses amino acids 32-272a.a, resulting in a chain length of 247 amino acids. A 6 amino acid His-tag is fused to the C-terminus of DKK1. Purification is achieved using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT30326
Source

HEK293 Cells.

Appearance
A clear solution that has been sterilized through filtration.
Definition and Classification

Dickkopf-related proteins (DKKs) are a family of secreted glycoproteins that play crucial roles in various biological processes. The DKK family consists of four main members: DKK1, DKK2, DKK3, and DKK4, as well as a related protein known as soggy (DKKL1). These proteins are characterized by the presence of two conserved cysteine-rich domains (CRDs) and are primarily involved in the modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway .

Biological Properties

Key Biological Properties: DKK proteins are glycoproteins with molecular weights ranging from 24 to 38 kDa. They share structural similarities, particularly in the CRDs, which are essential for their function .

Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: DKK proteins are expressed in various tissues and have distinct expression patterns. For example, DKK1 is highly expressed in the placenta and osteoblasts, while DKK3 is found in the heart, kidney, and brain . These proteins are also expressed during embryonic development, particularly in mesenchymal lineages .

Biological Functions

Primary Biological Functions: The primary function of DKK proteins is to inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway by binding to the Wnt coreceptors LRP5 and LRP6. This inhibition is crucial for regulating processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis .

Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: DKK proteins, particularly DKK3, have been implicated in immune modulation. They can influence the activity of immune cells and have been shown to play roles in inflammatory responses and tissue repair .

Modes of Action

Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: DKK proteins interact with various molecules and cells through their CRDs. They bind with high affinity to the transmembrane proteins KREMEN1 and KREMEN2, which are essential for their inhibitory function on the Wnt signaling pathway .

Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: By binding to LRP5/6 and KREMEN proteins, DKKs prevent the formation of the Wnt-Fz-LRP5/6 complex, thereby inhibiting the stabilization of β-catenin and subsequent activation of Wnt target genes . This regulation is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing aberrant cell growth.

Regulatory Mechanisms

Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of DKK proteins is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level. Various transcription factors and signaling pathways, including the Wnt pathway itself, can modulate the expression of DKK genes .

Post-Translational Modifications: DKK proteins undergo several post-translational modifications, such as glycosylation, which are essential for their stability and function .

Applications

Biomedical Research: DKK proteins are valuable tools in biomedical research for studying the Wnt signaling pathway and its role in development and disease .

Diagnostic Tools: DKK proteins, particularly DKK1 and DKK3, have potential as biomarkers for various diseases, including cancer and kidney diseases. Elevated levels of these proteins in serum or urine can indicate disease progression and prognosis .

Therapeutic Strategies: Targeting DKK proteins has therapeutic potential in treating diseases such as cancer, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular diseases. Modulating DKK activity can help restore normal Wnt signaling and improve disease outcomes .

Role in the Life Cycle

Development: DKK proteins are essential during embryonic development, where they regulate processes such as axis patterning, limb development, and organogenesis .

Aging and Disease: In adulthood, DKK proteins continue to play roles in tissue homeostasis and repair. Dysregulation of DKK expression is associated with various age-related diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases .

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