Recombinant Proteins

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KIR2DL3 Human

Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor, 2 Domains Long Cytoplasmic Tail 3 Human Recombinant

Recombinant KIR2DL3, produced in E. coli, is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain comprising amino acids 23-223. It has a molecular weight of 22.2 kDa. KIR2DL3 is purified using specialized chromatographic methods.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT26307
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
A clear, colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.

KIR3DL2 Human

Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor, 3 Domains Long Cytoplasmic Tail 2 Human Recombinant, Sf9

Recombinant human KIR3DL2, produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells, is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain consisting of 561 amino acids (22-340a.a.). It has a molecular mass of 62.2kDa, though it appears between 70-100kDa on SDS-PAGE due to glycosylation. This protein features a 239 amino acid hIgG-His tag at the C-terminus and is purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT26111
Source
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
Appearance
A sterile, colorless solution.

KIR2DL4 Human

Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor, 2 Domains Long Cytoplasmic Tail 4 Human Recombinant

Recombinant human KIR2DL4, produced in Sf9 insect cells, is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain comprising 458 amino acids (24-242 a.a.). It possesses a molecular mass of 51 kDa (appears at approximately 50-70 kDa on SDS-PAGE). KIR2DL4 is expressed with a 239 amino acid hIgG-His tag at the C-terminus and purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT26016
Source
Sf9, Baculovirus cells.
Appearance
Sterile Filtered colorless solution.

KLRK1 Human

Killer Cell lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K, Member 1 Human Recombinant

Recombinant human KLRK1, expressed in E. coli, is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 168 amino acids (73-216). This 19.2 kDa protein is fused to a 24 amino acid His-tag at the N-terminus and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT26661
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Sterile Filtered clear solution.

KIR2DL1 Human

Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor, 2 Domains Long Cytoplasmic Tail 1 Human Recombinant

Recombinant KIR2DL1 produced in E. coli is a single polypeptide chain without any attached sugars (non-glycosylated). It contains amino acids 1-202 and has a molecular weight of 22.2 kDa. The KIR2DL1 protein is purified using specialized chromatographic methods.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT26205
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
A clear and colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.

KIR2DL5A Human

Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor, 2 Domains Long Cytoplasmic Tail 5A Human Recombinant

Recombinant human KIR2DL5A, produced in Sf9 Baculovirus cells, is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain. It comprises 459 amino acids (22-238a.a.), has a molecular mass of 50.5 kDa, and appears at approximately 50-70 kDa on SDS-PAGE. KIR2DL5A is expressed with a 239 amino acid hIgG-His tag at the C-terminus and purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT26408
Source

Sf9, Baculovirus cells.

Appearance
Sterile, colorless solution.

KIR2DS4 Human

Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor, 2 Domains Short Cytoplasmic Tail, 4 Recombinant Human

Recombinant Human KIR2DS4 is a laboratory-produced protein made using E. coli bacteria. It is a single chain of 202 amino acids without any sugar modifications and has a molecular weight of 22.2kDa. The purity of this protein is greater than 95%, achieved through specific purification methods.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT26479
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
A clear, colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.

KIR3DL1 Human

Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor, 3 Domains Long Cytoplasmic Tail 1 Human Recombinant

Recombinant KIR3DL1, produced in E. coli, is a single polypeptide chain that is not glycosylated. It contains 132 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 15 kDa. The protein has been purified using proprietary chromatographic methods.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT26569
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
A clear and colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.
Definition and Classification

Killer cells, commonly known as Natural Killer (NK) cells, are a type of lymphocyte that plays a crucial role in the innate immune system. Unlike T and B cells, which are part of the adaptive immune system, NK cells are classified as group I Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) . They are named for their ability to kill virally infected cells and detect early signs of cancer without prior sensitization .

Biological Properties

Key Biological Properties: NK cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that can destroy target cells by releasing cytotoxic granules containing perforins and granzymes . They are characterized by the expression of surface markers such as CD56 and the absence of CD3 .

Expression Patterns: NK cells express a variety of activating and inhibitory receptors that help them distinguish between healthy cells and abnormal cells . These receptors include killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) .

Tissue Distribution: NK cells are widely distributed throughout the body, including the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, and peripheral blood . They are also found in non-lymphoid tissues such as the skin and gut .

Biological Functions

Primary Biological Functions: The primary function of NK cells is to mediate cytotoxicity against virally infected cells and tumor cells . They also play a role in the clearance of bacterial infections .

Role in Immune Responses: NK cells are essential for the early defense against infections and tumors. They can recognize and kill cells that lack major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, which are often downregulated in infected or transformed cells .

Pathogen Recognition: NK cells use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on infected cells . This allows them to respond quickly to a wide variety of pathological challenges .

Modes of Action

Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: NK cells interact with other immune cells through the secretion of cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) . These cytokines enhance the immune response by activating macrophages and dendritic cells .

Binding Partners: NK cells have activating receptors that recognize stress-induced ligands on target cells and inhibitory receptors that recognize MHC class I molecules . The balance between these signals determines whether the NK cell will initiate a cytotoxic response .

Downstream Signaling Cascades: Upon activation, NK cells release cytotoxic granules that contain perforins and granzymes, leading to the lysis of the target cell . They also produce cytokines that modulate the activity of other immune cells .

Regulatory Mechanisms

Regulatory Mechanisms: The activity of NK cells is tightly regulated by a balance of activating and inhibitory signals . This balance ensures that NK cells do not attack healthy cells while effectively targeting abnormal cells .

Transcriptional Regulation: NK cell development and function are regulated by various transcription factors, including T-bet and Eomes . These factors control the expression of genes involved in NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production .

Post-Translational Modifications: NK cell activity can be modulated by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination . These modifications affect the stability and function of key signaling proteins .

Applications

Biomedical Research: NK cells are used in research to understand immune responses and develop new immunotherapies . They are particularly valuable in studying cancer and viral infections .

Diagnostic Tools: NK cell activity can be measured to assess immune function in patients with immune deficiencies or autoimmune diseases . This information can help diagnose and monitor these conditions .

Therapeutic Strategies: NK cells are being explored as a therapeutic option for cancer treatment . Strategies include the use of NK cell-based immunotherapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells and NK cell-derived exosomes .

Role in the Life Cycle

Development: NK cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow . Their development is influenced by cytokines such as interleukin-15 (IL-15) .

Aging: The function of NK cells can decline with age, leading to reduced immune surveillance and increased susceptibility to infections and cancer .

Disease: NK cells play a critical role in controlling infections and preventing tumor growth . Dysregulation of NK cell activity can contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases and cancer .

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