Recombinant Proteins

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ATG10 Human

Autophagy Related 10 Human Recombinant

This product is a human recombinant ATG10 protein produced in E. coli. It is a single polypeptide chain containing 243 amino acids, with the ATG10 portion comprising amino acids 1-220. The protein has a molecular weight of 27.7 kDa. For ease of purification and detection, a 23 amino acid His-tag is fused to the N-terminus of the protein. The protein is purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques to ensure high purity.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT22422
Source
E.coli.
Appearance
A clear and colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.

ATG3 Human

Autophagy Related 3 Human Recombinant

Recombinant human ATG3, produced in E. coli, is a single polypeptide chain that lacks glycosylation. It consists of 337 amino acids, with amino acids 1 to 314 representing the ATG3 sequence. The protein has a molecular weight of 38.3 kDa. A 23 amino acid His-tag is attached to the N-terminus of ATG3 to aid in purification, which is carried out using proprietary chromatographic methods.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT22512
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
A clear, sterile solution without any color.

ATG4B Human

ATG4 Autophagy Related 4 Homolog B Human Recombinant

This product is a recombinant human ATG4B protein produced in E. coli. It is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain consisting of 401 amino acids (with amino acids 1 to 393 representing the protein sequence) and has a molecular weight of 45.4 kDa. For purification purposes, an 8 amino acid His-tag is attached to the C-terminus of the protein. The protein is purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT22590
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
The product appears as a clear solution that has been sterilized by filtration.

ATG5 Human

Autophagy Related 5 Human Recombinant

This product consists of the ATG5 protein produced in E. coli. It is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain with 295 amino acids (1-275a.a.) and a molecular weight of 34.6 kDa. This ATG5 protein is fused to a 20 amino acid His-tag at its N-terminus. Purification is achieved using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT22649
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Clear solution that has been sterilized by filtration.
Definition and Classification

Autophagy, derived from the Greek words “auto” (self) and “phagy” (eating), refers to the cellular process of degrading and recycling cytoplasmic components through lysosomes . This process is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and responding to stress conditions. Autophagy can be classified into three main types:

  • Macroautophagy: The most studied form, involving the formation of double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes that engulf cellular components and fuse with lysosomes for degradation .
  • Microautophagy: Direct engulfment of cytoplasmic material by the lysosome through invagination of the lysosomal membrane .
  • Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy (CMA): Selective degradation of specific proteins that are recognized by chaperones and translocated across the lysosomal membrane .
Biological Properties

Autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) are essential for the autophagic process. These proteins are involved in the formation of autophagosomes and their fusion with lysosomes . Autophagy is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, with high activity observed in the liver, brain, and muscle tissues . The expression patterns of autophagy-related genes are tightly regulated and can be influenced by factors such as nutrient availability, stress, and hormonal signals .

Biological Functions

Autophagy serves several critical biological functions:

  • Cellular Homeostasis: Maintains cellular homeostasis by degrading and recycling damaged organelles and proteins .
  • Immune Responses: Plays a role in innate and adaptive immunity by degrading intracellular pathogens and presenting antigens to immune cells .
  • Pathogen Recognition: Autophagy can recognize and eliminate intracellular pathogens, contributing to the host defense mechanism .
Modes of Action

Autophagy involves complex interactions with other cellular molecules and pathways:

  • Binding Partners: Autophagy-related proteins interact with various binding partners to form complexes essential for autophagosome formation and maturation .
  • Downstream Signaling Cascades: Autophagy is regulated by several signaling pathways, including the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) and AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) pathways, which respond to nutrient and energy levels .
Regulatory Mechanisms

The regulation of autophagy involves multiple layers of control:

  • Transcriptional Regulation: Transcription factors such as TFEB (transcription factor EB) and FOXO (forkhead box O) regulate the expression of autophagy-related genes in response to cellular stress .
  • Post-Translational Modifications: Autophagy-related proteins undergo various post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination, which modulate their activity and stability .
Applications

Autophagy has significant applications in biomedical research and therapeutic strategies:

  • Biomedical Research: Understanding autophagy mechanisms can provide insights into various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and infectious diseases .
  • Diagnostic Tools: Autophagy markers can be used as diagnostic tools to monitor disease progression and response to therapy .
  • Therapeutic Strategies: Modulating autophagy can be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating diseases such as cancer, where autophagy can either promote or inhibit tumor growth depending on the context .
Role in the Life Cycle

Autophagy plays a vital role throughout the life cycle, from development to aging:

  • Development: Essential for embryogenesis, differentiation, and tissue remodeling .
  • Aging: Autophagy activity declines with age, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins and organelles, which is associated with aging and age-related diseases .
  • Disease: Dysregulation of autophagy is implicated in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer .
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