Recombinant Proteins

p53
LBP
CEA
HLA
TCL
TTC
NPM
MAF
Bax
BID

Product List

PTMA Human

Prothymosin Alpha Human Recombinant

PTMA Human Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 133 amino acids (1-110) and having a molecular mass of 14.5 kDa.
PTMA is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT10595
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Sterile Filtered colorless solution.

PTMS Human

Prothymosin Human Recombinant

PTMS Human Recombinant produced in E.Coli is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 125 amino acids (1-102aa) and having a molecular mass of 13.9kDa.
PTMS is fused to a 23 amino acid His-tag at N-terminus & purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT10702
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Sterile Filtered clear solution.

Introduction

Definition and Classification

Prothymosin α (PTMA) is an unstructured, highly acidic protein with an isoelectric point of 3.5 . It belongs to the thymosin family, which includes various peptides initially isolated from the thymus gland. Prothymosin α is ubiquitously expressed in a wide range of cell types and has been implicated in numerous physiological and pathological processes .

Biological Properties

Key Biological Properties: Prothymosin α is characterized by its unstructured nature and high acidity. It is predominantly a nuclear protein but can also function in the cytoplasm and extracellularly .

Expression Patterns: Prothymosin α is expressed in a variety of cell types, including those in the brain, stomach, and thymus . Its expression is particularly prominent in proliferating cells and tissues undergoing rapid growth or repair .

Tissue Distribution: The protein is widely distributed across different tissues, with notable presence in the thymus, brain, and stomach . In the brain, it is prominently stained in the nucleus, whereas in the stomach, it is observed in the cytoplasm .

Biological Functions

Primary Biological Functions: Prothymosin α plays a crucial role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and immune responses . It is involved in protecting cells from oxidative stress and regulating the expression of genes associated with oxidative stress defense .

Role in Immune Responses: Prothymosin α acts as an immunomodulator, stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes . It also enhances the production of interleukin-2 and the expression of interleukin-2 receptors in T lymphocytes .

Pathogen Recognition: The protein is involved in the recognition and response to pathogens, contributing to the body’s defense mechanisms .

Modes of Action

Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Prothymosin α interacts with various cellular components, including histone H1 and transcription factors . It modulates the interaction of histone H1 with chromatin, affecting the regulation of gene expression .

Binding Partners: The protein binds to linker histone H1, influencing the stoichiometry and mode of interaction of H1 with chromatin . It also interacts with tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21), regulating the ubiquitination and stability of PTMA .

Downstream Signaling Cascades: Prothymosin α is involved in the regulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway, which plays a key role in cellular defense against oxidative stress .

Regulatory Mechanisms

Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of prothymosin α is regulated by various transcription factors, including c-myc and E2F . Its mRNA levels increase during the S/G2 phase of the cell cycle .

Post-Translational Modifications: Prothymosin α undergoes proteolytic modifications that influence its interactions with other molecules and its functional roles . These modifications include the binding to TRIM21, which regulates its ubiquitination and stability .

Applications

Biomedical Research: Prothymosin α is extensively studied for its role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and immune responses. It serves as a model protein for understanding the mechanisms of unstructured proteins .

Diagnostic Tools: The protein’s expression levels and modifications can serve as biomarkers for various diseases, including cancer and immune disorders .

Therapeutic Strategies: Prothymosin α has potential therapeutic applications in cancer immunotherapy and the treatment of immunodeficiencies and autoimmune diseases . It is also being explored for its role in enhancing immune responses in viral infections .

Role in the Life Cycle

Development: Prothymosin α is involved in the proliferation and differentiation of cells during development . Its expression is crucial for the growth and repair of tissues .

Aging: The protein’s levels and activity may decline with age, contributing to decreased immune function and increased susceptibility to diseases .

Disease: Prothymosin α is implicated in various diseases, including cancer, where it is associated with cell proliferation and survival . It also plays a role in protecting cells from apoptosis and oxidative stress .

© Copyright 2024 Thebiotek. All Rights Reserved.