Recombinant Proteins

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GREM1 Human

GREM1 Human Recombinant

Recombinant Human GREM1, expressed in E. coli, is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain. This protein consists of 183 amino acids (residues 25-184), resulting in a molecular mass of 20.7 kDa. The recombinant GREM1 protein is engineered with a 23 amino acid His-tag fused at the N-terminus to facilitate purification using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT12311
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
Clear, colorless, and sterile-filtered solution.

GREM2 Human

GREM2 Human Recombinant

Recombinant human GREM2, produced in E. coli, is a single polypeptide chain consisting of 170 amino acids (residues 22-168) with a molecular weight of 19 kilodaltons (kDa). The protein includes a 23 amino acid His-tag fused at the N-terminus and is purified using proprietary chromatographic methods.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT12401
Source
E.coli.
Appearance
Clear, colorless solution, sterile-filtered.
Definition and Classification

Gremlin, also known as Gremlin-1, is a highly conserved glycoprotein that belongs to the cysteine knot superfamily. It is part of the DAN family of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists. Gremlin primarily functions as an inhibitor in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway, where it inhibits bone morphogenesis and is implicated in various disorders, including increased bone formation and several cancers .

Biological Properties

Key Biological Properties: Gremlin-1 is a 20.7-kDa protein composed of 184 amino acids. It contains a cysteine knot, which is a characteristic feature of the cysteine knot superfamily .

Expression Patterns and Tissue Distribution: Gremlin-1 is expressed in various tissues, including the kidney, lung, liver, and skin. It is primarily involved in organogenesis and limb patterning. Its expression is also noted in several cancers, where it plays a role in tumor progression and metastasis .

Biological Functions

Primary Biological Functions: Gremlin-1 functions as an antagonist to BMPs, particularly BMP2 and BMP4. This antagonistic interaction is crucial for normal limb bud development and digit formation. It also plays a role in kidney and lung branching morphogenesis .

Role in Immune Responses and Pathogen Recognition: While Gremlin-1’s primary role is in development and organogenesis, it also has implications in immune responses. Its expression in various cancers suggests a role in tumor immune evasion and progression .

Modes of Action

Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: Gremlin-1 binds to BMP ligands, preventing them from interacting with their receptors. This inhibition allows for the up-regulation of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and sonic hedgehog (SHH) ligands, which are essential for limb bud development .

Binding Partners and Downstream Signaling Cascades: Gremlin-1 interacts with BMP receptors and VEGF receptors. Its binding to VEGF receptors activates vascular differentiation and proliferation during development .

Regulatory Mechanisms

Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of Gremlin-1 is regulated by cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) that act as both silencers and activators. These CRMs control when and where Gremlin-1 is transcribed .

Post-Translational Modifications: Gremlin-1 undergoes glycosylation and phosphorylation, which are essential for its function and stability .

Applications

Biomedical Research: Gremlin-1 is a target of interest in cancer research due to its role in tumor progression and metastasis. It is also studied in the context of fibrotic diseases, such as kidney and lung fibrosis .

Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Strategies: Gremlin-1’s expression in various cancers makes it a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis. Therapeutically, targeting Gremlin-1 could help in treating cancers and fibrotic diseases .

Role in the Life Cycle

Development to Aging and Disease: Gremlin-1 plays a crucial role throughout the life cycle, from embryonic development to aging. During development, it is essential for limb bud formation and organogenesis. In adulthood, its reactivation in wound healing situations can lead to fibrosis. Its overexpression is also associated with various cancers, making it a significant factor in disease progression .

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