Recombinant Proteins
Product List
GNAI3 Human
Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein Alpha Inhibiting Activity 3 Human Recombinant
GNAZ Human
Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein Alpha Z Polypeptide Human Recombinant
GNB1 Human
Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein Beta Polypeptide 1 Human Recombinant
GNB2L1 Human
Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein beta polypeptide 2-like 1 Human Recombinant
GNB3 Human
Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein Beta Polypeptide 3 Human Recombinant
GNG11 Human
Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein Gamma 11 Human Recombinant
GNAI1 Human
Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein Alpha Inhibiting Activity 1 Human Recombinant
GNG12 Human
Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein Gamma 12 Human Recombinant
GNG13 Human
Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein Gamma 13 Human Recombinant
GNG4 Human
Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein Gamma 4 Human Recombinant
Introduction
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals from the outside of a cell to the inside. They act as molecular switches inside cells, and their activity is regulated by guanine nucleotides (GDP and GTP). G proteins are classified into two main types: heterotrimeric G proteins and small GTPases. Heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma), while small GTPases are monomeric proteins.
Key Biological Properties: G proteins are essential for various cellular processes, including signal transduction, cell growth, and differentiation. They are involved in the regulation of metabolic pathways, ion channels, and other cellular functions.
Expression Patterns: G proteins are ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and cell types. Their expression levels can vary depending on the tissue type and physiological conditions.
Tissue Distribution: G proteins are found in almost all tissues, with high concentrations in the brain, heart, liver, and immune cells. Their distribution is crucial for their role in mediating diverse physiological responses.
Primary Biological Functions: G proteins play a critical role in transmitting signals from cell surface receptors to intracellular effectors. They are involved in the regulation of numerous physiological processes, including sensory perception, immune responses, and hormone signaling.
Role in Immune Responses: G proteins are involved in the activation and regulation of immune cells, such as T cells and macrophages. They play a role in the recognition of pathogens and the initiation of immune responses.
Pathogen Recognition: G proteins are involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). This interaction triggers downstream signaling pathways that lead to the activation of immune responses.
Mechanisms with Other Molecules and Cells: G proteins interact with cell surface receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), to transmit signals from extracellular ligands to intracellular signaling pathways. Upon activation by a receptor, the G protein undergoes a conformational change, leading to the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit.
Binding Partners: G proteins interact with various binding partners, including receptors, effectors, and regulatory proteins. These interactions are crucial for the specificity and regulation of G protein signaling.
Downstream Signaling Cascades: Activated G proteins can initiate multiple downstream signaling cascades, such as the cAMP pathway, phosphoinositide pathway, and MAPK pathway. These cascades lead to diverse cellular responses, including gene expression, cell proliferation, and apoptosis.
Regulatory Mechanisms that Control Expression and Activity: The expression and activity of G proteins are tightly regulated at multiple levels, including transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional modifications, and protein-protein interactions.
Transcriptional Regulation: The expression of G protein genes is regulated by various transcription factors and signaling pathways. This regulation ensures the appropriate levels of G proteins in different tissues and under different physiological conditions.
Post-Translational Modifications: G proteins undergo various post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, palmitoylation, and ubiquitination. These modifications can affect their stability, localization, and activity.
Biomedical Research: G proteins are extensively studied in biomedical research due to their critical role in cellular signaling. They are used as models to understand signal transduction mechanisms and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Diagnostic Tools: G proteins and their signaling pathways are used as biomarkers for various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. Their expression levels and activity can provide valuable diagnostic information.
Therapeutic Strategies: Targeting G protein signaling pathways is a promising therapeutic strategy for various diseases. Small molecules and biologics that modulate G protein activity are being developed as potential treatments for cancer, inflammatory diseases, and metabolic disorders.
Role Throughout the Life Cycle: G proteins play a crucial role throughout the life cycle, from development to aging. They are involved in embryonic development, cell differentiation, and tissue homeostasis.
Development: During development, G proteins regulate cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. They are essential for the proper formation of tissues and organs.
Aging and Disease: G protein signaling pathways are implicated in the aging process and age-related diseases. Dysregulation of G protein activity can lead to various pathological conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders.
