Recombinant Proteins

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RND3 Human

Rho Family GTPase 3 Human Recombinant

Produced in E. coli, Recombinant Human RND3 is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain. This protein consists of 261 amino acids (specifically, amino acids 1-241) and has a molecular weight of 29.2 kDa. A 20 amino acid His-Tag is fused to the N-terminus of RND3, which is then purified using proprietary chromatographic methods.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT15417
Source
Escherichia Coli.
Appearance
A clear, sterile solution without any color.

RND1 Human

Rho Family GTPase 1 Human Recombinant

Recombinant Human RND1, expressed in E.coli, is a single, non-glycosylated polypeptide chain consisting of 220 amino acids (residues 1-200). It has a molecular weight of 24.5 kDa. The RND1 protein is fused to a 20 amino acid His-Tag at its N-terminus and is purified using proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Shipped with Ice Packs
Cat. No.
BT15272
Source
E.coli.
Appearance
A clear, colorless solution that has been sterilized by filtration.
Definition and Classification

The Rho family of GTPases is a group of small (~21 kDa) signaling G proteins, which are a subfamily of the Ras superfamily. These proteins are found in all eukaryotic kingdoms, including yeasts and some plants . The Rho family is composed of 20 members in mammals, distributed across eight subfamilies: Rho, Rnd, RhoD/F, RhoH, Rac, Cdc42, RhoU/V, and RhoBTB . The most extensively studied members are Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA .

Biological Properties

Rho GTPases are key regulatory molecules that link surface receptors to the organization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons . They are involved in various cellular processes, including gene transcription, cell-cell adhesion, and cell cycle progression . These proteins are expressed in a wide range of tissues and have distinct expression patterns and tissue distributions .

Biological Functions

Rho GTPases play crucial roles in regulating intracellular actin dynamics, organelle development, cytoskeletal dynamics, and cell movement . They are also involved in immune responses and pathogen recognition . For example, RhoA mediates the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions, Rac1 induces lamellipodia formation and membrane ruffles, and Cdc42 elicits the formation of filopodia and microspikes .

Modes of Action

Rho GTPases act as molecular switches, cycling between an inactive GDP-bound state and an active GTP-bound state . They interact with various binding partners, including guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) . Upon activation, Rho GTPases interact with downstream effectors to mediate a variety of intracellular pathways .

Regulatory Mechanisms

The activity of Rho GTPases is tightly regulated by GEFs, GAPs, and GDIs . GEFs activate Rho GTPases by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP, while GAPs inactivate them by stimulating their intrinsic GTP hydrolysis activity . Additionally, post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation play crucial roles in regulating Rho GTPase signaling .

Applications

Rho GTPases have significant applications in biomedical research, serving as diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets . They are involved in various physiological functions, including cytoskeletal regulation, cell polarity establishment, cell proliferation, and motility . Dysregulation of Rho GTPase signaling pathways is implicated in multiple human pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases .

Role in the Life Cycle

Rho GTPases play essential roles throughout the life cycle, from development to aging and disease . They are involved in neuronal development, regulating dendritic arborization, spine morphogenesis, growth cone development, and axon guidance . Additionally, Rho GTPases are crucial for cell survival and death, influencing processes such as gene transcription, cell-cell adhesion, and cell cycle progression .

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